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In this study, the properties of physical unclonable functions (PUFs) for 28-nm process field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are examined. A PUF is a circuit that generates device-specific IDs by extracting device variations. Owing to device variation, no two PUFs will generate the same ID even if they have identical structures and are manufactured on the same silicon wafer. However, because the influence of device variation increases as the size of the process node shrinks, it is uncertain whether PUFs can be built using recently developed small-scale process nodes, even though the technology of variation control is constantly advancing. While many PUFs using 40-nm or larger process nodes have been reported, smaller devices have not yet been studied to the authors' knowledge, and this is the first published journal article on PUFs for 28-nm process FPGAs. In this paper, within-die reproducibility, die-to-die uniqueness, and other properties are evaluated, and the feasibility of PUFs on 28-nm FPGAs is discussed.

SUMMARY For the digital watermarking patchwork algorithm originally given by Bender et al., this paper proposes two improvements applicable to audio watermarking. First, the watermark embedding strength is psychoacoustically adapted, using the Bark frequency scale. Second, whereas previous approaches leave the samples that do not correspond to the data untouched, in this paper, these are modified to reduce the probability of misdetection, a method called full index embedding. In simulations, the proposed combination of these two proposed methods has higher resistance to a variety of attacks than prior algorithms. key words: audio watermarking, patchwork, DWPT (discrete wavelet packet transform), psychoacoustic model

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SUMMARYWithin information hiding technology, digital watermarking is one of the most important technologies for copyright protection of digital content. Many digital watermarking schemes have been proposed in academia. However, these schemes are not used, because they are not practical; one reason for this is that the evaluation criteria are loosely defined. To make the evaluation more concrete and improve the practicality of digital watermarking, watermarking schemes must use common evaluation criteria. To realize such criteria, we organized the Information Hiding and its Criteria for Evaluation (IHC) Committee to create useful, globally accepted evaluation criteria for information hiding technology. The IHC Committee improves their evaluation criteria every year, and holds a competition for digital watermarking based on state-of-the-art evaluation criteria. In this paper, we describe the activities of the IHC Committee and its evaluation criteria for digital watermarking of still images, videos, and audio.