A series of transgenic mice was developed that contained the simian virus 40 early region genes under the transcriptional control of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat, including the promoter and glucocorticoid response elements. These mice all expressed the transgene in the epithelial cells of a number of different organs, such as lungs, kidneys, and prostate, salivary, and mammary glands, and in Leydig and lymphoid cells. Transcription of the chimeric gene was inducible by glucocorticoids, either after transfection into tissue culture cells or in cells cultured from animals carrying the transgene. Many, but not all, tissues which expressed the simian virus 40 sequences, as determined immunologically and by RNA analysis, developed into tumors, although they showed premalignant features. Since the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat is expressed in a number of different cell types when inherited through the germ line, the lactating mammary gland-specific transcription of endogenous proviruses must require other factors or sequences to achieve this specificity.

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Objectives: Roflumilast is indicated for patients with moderate to severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Information on the prevalence and risk of diarrhea, the most reported adverse event in clinical trials, among patients initiating roflumilast in real-world settings is limited. Methods: We selected patients aged $40 years with COPD who were new users of roflumilast and the active comparator group, triple therapy (inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), long acting beta agonists (LABA) and long acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA)) from March 1, 2011 to December 31, 2017 in the Truven Health MarketScan Research Database. The study outcome was a primary diagnosis claim for non-infectious diarrhea within 14 days after treatment initiation. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for diarrhea risk using Cox proportional hazards models. Follow-up continued to the earliest of the occurrence of the outcome of interest (diarrhea), treatment discontinuation, end of 14-day follow-up, disenrollment from health plan or end of study period. We used high-dimensional propensity score (hdPS) matching and calculated the E-value to quantify unmeasured confounding. Results: The final cohort included 4,725 new users of roflumilast and 17,540 matched sample of triple therapy users with a mean (SD) age of 67.9 years (10.9) and 50.7% female. Roflumilast users had higher risk of diarrhea over the 14-day period after drug initiation relative to the comparator group [HR=2. 22, 95%CI (1.01, 4.89)]. The corresponding E-values for the HR and lower bound of the CI were 3.87 and 1.1 respectively. A similarly higher risk of the outcome occurred in the roflumilast group at 30 days [HR=2.06, 95%CI (1.22, 3.47)] and at 90 days [HR=1.40, 95% CI (1.01, 1.95)]. Conclusions: We observed a consistently higher risk of diarrhea in patients initiating roflumilast in the real-world settings and is the highest within the first 30 days post-initiation.

and 95.5% respectively. Simplicity was high among all the parameters (96.8%) in the scale content validity index(S-CVI). The internal consistency of the questionnaire measured using Cronbach's alpha was found 0.9. A total of 46 patients completed, 5 were drop out. Asthma (21.95%) and COPD patients (48.75%) group majority were male patients. Majority of asthma patient (34.14%) were non alcoholic and non smoker, whereas majority of COPD patients were (39.02%) were alcoholic and smoker. The questionnaire analysis was able to measure the change in medication adherence. Conclusions: The prepared medication adherence questionnaire was capable to assess the change in medication adherence. COPD patient were having better adherence than asthma patients.

median age of patients with MCID was higher than those without MCID. Compared to patients without MCID, a higher proportion of patients that developed MCID were women, non-white, and had a Charlson score $ 2 at NHL diagnosis. Similar proportions of patients with and without MCID received treatment with chemoimmunotherapy. In unadjusted Fine-Gray regression models, exposure to any chemo-immunotherapy was associated with a null risk of MCID (sHR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.77-1.33); findings were similar in multivariable models (sHR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.57, 1.03) adjusting for potential confounders. In stratified analyses, chemo-immunotherapy exposure was consistently associated with a decreased risk of MCID regardless of age groups, race, or lymphoma subtype. Conclusions: This study suggests chemo-immunotherapy exposure in older patients with NHL is not associated with an increased risk of MCID.