The study of pathogenetic mechanisms of nonpsychotic adolescent age mental disorders is due to their high frequency, the considerable socioeconomic burden placed on affective and neurotic states, drug addiction, behavior disorders, and suicide. Researchers pay special attention to the psychopathological, etiological, pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of depressive states discovered at late adolescent and early mature ages (Kopeiko & Oleichik, 2007; Oleichik, 2011). The diffusion of affective pathology during adolescences varies from 13 to 40 percent according to various sources (Marceli, 1998; Kopeiko & Oleichik, 2007). Adolescent depression cases differ significantly from mood disorders, arising in a later age and exhibiting different clinical characteristics (Brodaty et al., 2005; Oleichik, 2011). These cases are specified by different psychosocial scars (Rohde, Lewinsohn, Seeley, 1994) associated with a greater number of comorbid mental disorders (Rohde, Lewinsohn & Seeley, 1991), and double the risk of emergence of addictive behaviors (Chilcoat & Breslau, 1998; Christie et al., 1988) and suicide (Balázs et al., 2013). However, only a third of patients seek help (Aalto-Setälä et al., 2002). Cognitive disorders of one type or another attend almost all forms of mental pathology. Non-psychotic mental disorders (affective, neurotic and personality disorders) at an adolescent age substantially determine a patient's clinical picture in terms of higher educational and work load at this specific age (Kopeiko & Oleichik, 2007; Oleichik, 2011). The latest research shows that the cognitive component of depression influences the quality of social (educational, occupational) adaption and everyday functioning (Evans et al., 2013). Considerable research is dedicated to studying cognitive disorders that accompany depressive and phobic anxiety disorders during adolescence. However, several authors find most of the questions (especially on the pathogenetic role of the mentioned group of symptoms) to be open because of the methodological dissociation of present-day approaches in studying cognition in psychiatry and clinical psychology. Non-psychotic affective disorders during adolescence are represented by three large units (excluding organic depressions and drug-induced depressions): affective illnesses (bipolar disorder spectrum), personality disorders, and schizophrenia. Contemporary studies on neurocognitive functioning at these nosologies display three aspects. First, different authors apply diverse assessment complexes which do not stand on a single theoretical basis. This difference in approach leads to content inter-comparison conflicts and causes considerable difficulties for data analysis. Second, the majority of studies analyze the nosotypical "cognitive profile" and its connection to different clinical characteristics (e.g., psychopathological symptoms severity on scales, duration of disease, and therapy) and genetic polymorphisms (endophenotypic approach). Possible cerebric mechanisms of cognitive deficit sometim...

Цель исследования-изучение особенностей нейрокогнитивного функционирования при депрессивных расстройствах, выделение групп характерных именно для них симптомов когнитивного дефицита с обозначением психических и психологических механизмов их возникновения. Материал и методы. Обследовали 33 больных с депрессивными расстройствами и 33 здоровых, составивших группу контроля, с использованием стандартизованных нейропсихологических тестов и тестов, содержащих эмоциогенные стимулы. Результаты и заключение. У пациентов с депрессией отмечается нейрокогнитивный дефицит, проявляющийся в изменении скорости переработки информации и работы ряда психических функций, а также пониженное внимание к негативным стимулам в сочетании с пониженным вниманием к позитивным стимулам. По-видимому, аномальными процессами «горячего» (эмоционального) познания у этих больных объясняется такой ядерный симптом депрессии, как ангедония, которая является вероятным эндофенотипом депрессии.

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The study attempts to present a critical review of certain problems in pathopsychological investigaton of operational thought disorders and to outline the possible ways for its further development. We compare the differences in approaches to the analysis of pathology of thinking in schizophrenia presented in the classic works of L.S. Vygotsky and B.V. Zeigarnik. We argue that, when studying some of the thought disorders in schizophrenia, it may be more effective to revert to Vygotsky’s approach associated with the investigation of word meaning disturbances in the analysis of disorders of the generalization process. As a way to further develop this approach to the study of thought disorders in schizophrenia, we suggest exploring the perspectives of synthesizing various research areas that have stemed from cultural-historical psychology. Basing on the analysis of Russian neurolinguistic studies of word meaning impairment, we propose two possible directions for studying the psychological and brain mechanisms of operational disorders of thinking.