Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels. The cause of glucose control failure is decreased insulin production by pancreatic β-cells and insulin resistance. Both lead to the obstacle of glucose uptake into cells. The mechanism of glucose uptake into cells is crucial in carbohydrate metabolism. This mechanism aims to produce energy in the form of ATP. The main signaling pathway after the process of glucose uptake is the PI3K/Akt pathway. This pathway involves many proteins activated by phosphorylation mechanisms. One of the proteins involved in this pathway is PTEN, a PI3K regulator. PTEN activity can dephosphorylate PI3K so that the insulin signaling pathway becomes blocked and glucose cannot be uptaken into cells. It causes blood glucose levels to increase. The role of PTEN in inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway seems to be a crucial matter to observe. By inhibiting PTEN activity, the insulin signaling pathway is expected to work properly. We have searched, read, analyzed, and summarized various studies regarding the potential of PTEN to reduce diabetes mellitus cases. In some research articles, the use of active compounds and therapy using stem cells to inhibit PTEN activity has shown good progress in the insulin signaling pathway. Based on these, it can be an option to make PTEN a target for diabetes mellitus therapy.

ABSTRACT Ovarian cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in Indonesia. The mechanism of cancer needs to be understood to create drugs that play a role in inhibiting the development of cancer cells. PARP is a prime protein in cancer cell development. PARP is a target of chemotherapy, namely through its inhibition by 3-aminobenzamide compounds. Treatment using natural ingredients is safer than using synthetic drugs. Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a plant that grows in Indonesia. It is efficacious because it contains many compounds used in the manufacture of various types of drugs. The PARP receptor (3KCZ) was examined for the value of binding affinity with the flavonoid derivative ligands contained in breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) using the help of the software Pyrx version 0.8. The test results showed tamoxifen (-8 kcal/mol), quercetin (-8 kcal/mol), cyclocommunal (-9.6 kcal/mol), morusin (-6.7 kcal/mol), and cyclomulberrin (-9 kcal /mol) have a lower binding affinity value compared to 3-aminobenzamide (-6.6 kcal/mol) which is the native ligand of PARP. These results prove that the flavonoid-derived compounds in breadfruit can potentially act as PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer cells. ABSTRAK Kanker ovarium merupakan kanker penyebab kematian ketiga terbesar di Indonesia. Mekanisme kanker sangat perlu dipahami untuk menciptakan obat yang berperan menghambat perkembangan sel kanker. PARP merupakan protein yang berperan penting pada perkembangan sel kanker. PARP telah terbukti dapat menjadi target kemoterapi, yaitu melalui penghambatannya oleh senyawa 3-aminobenzamide. Pengobatan menggunakan bahan alami lebih aman dibandingkan penggunaan obat sintetis. Sukun (Artocarpus altilis) merupakan tumbuhan yang tumbuh di Indonesia yang berkhasiat karena mengandung senyawa yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam pembuatan berbagai jenis obat.  Reseptor PARP (3KCZ) dilihat nilai binding affinity dengan ligan turunan flavonoid yang terkandung pada sukun (Artocarpus altilis) menggunakan bantuan softwere pyrx versi o,8. Hasil uji menunjukkan senyawa tamoxifen (-8 kcal/mol), quercetin (-8 kcal/mol), cyclocommunal (-9,6 kcal/mol), morusin (-6,7 kcal/mol), dan cyclomulberrin (-9 kcal/mol) memiliki nilai binding affinity yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan 3-aminobenzamide (-6,6 kcal/mol) yang merupakan native ligan dari PARP. Hasil ini membuktikan bahwa senyawa-senyawa turunan flavonoid pada sukun dapat berpotensi sebagai inhibitor PARP pada sel kanker ovarium.

The prevalence of DM disease in West Nusa Tenggara Province is not much different from that in Indonesia. DM cases in NTB are included in the ten most non-communicable illnesses suffered by the community and the incidence continues to increase from year to year. An increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the body is one of the causes of insulin resistance in cells which can further develop into type 2 diabetes. This study involved diabetic patients at the Mataram Community Health Center, who were assigned into 2 groups, namely the controlled diabetes group and the uncontrolled diabetes group and involved a standard group which was a group consisted of healthy people. Each group was examined for Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) and HbA1c levels. The results of the examination in the standard group, controlled diabetes group and uncontrolled diabetes group obtained the FBG levels of 89.22 mg/dl, 110.0 mg/dl, and 245.80 mg/dl, respectively. Furthermore, the results of the HbA1c test in the standard group, controlled diabetes group and uncontrolled diabetes group were 5.44%, 6.03%, and 10.49%, respectively. The results of the examination of IL-6 levels in the standard group, controlled diabetes group and uncontrolled diabetes were 329.36 pg/ml, 331.52 pg/ml, and 320.33 pg/ml, respectively. The results of the IL-10 test in the standard group, controlled diabetes group and uncontrolled diabetes were 71.80 pg/ml, 116.60 pg/ml, and 128.10 pg/ml, respectively. Based on the results of the study, there was no significant difference in the levels of interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 between respondents with diabetes mellitus and healthy respondents (p>0.05). It can be concluded that there were no differences in interleukin 6 and 10 levels between healthy people with patients with controlled and uncontrolled diabetes.

Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is generally through optimizing a balanced diet. Soybeans and sweet potatoes have good antioxidants and can be developed as healthy foods for people with diabetes. Soybeans and sweet potatoes are processed into Soy-yoghurt. This study aims to determine the potential of soy yogurt as an antidiabetic in experimental animals, Rattus norvegicus induced by hyperglycemia, using Streptozotocin. This study used a experiment design with a total of 40 experimental animals. The research was conducted at the Medica Farma Husada Polytechnic Laboratory, Mataram, in 2022. The experimental animals that Streptozotocin (STZ) induced were then given Soy-yogurt orally at 3 ml and 3.5 ml doses. Experimental animals' Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels were measured weekly using a Glucometer, while body weight (BW) was measured every three days. The results obtained were then analyzed statistically using the ANOVA test. The test results showed that there was a significant difference in blood sugar levels (p<0,05) in fasting given soy but no difference in BW (p>0,05). This study concludes that the provision of soybeans can affect the level of FBG  of the experimental animals but does not affect the BW of the experimental animals.