The skin of mammals has a high reactivity to the conditions of the external and internal environment. There is no information about the features of the structure of the skin of Holstein cattle in the context of its adaptation to the sharply continental with the symptoms of monsoon climate in the available literature. The purpose of the study was to determine the structural features of the skin of the sternal and costal regions of cattle of the Holstein breed in the Amur region. For the study, the skin of clinically healthy mature Holstein cows was taken. Time of research - autumn. The skin was fixed in a 10% aqueous solution of neutral formalin. Paraffin sections with a thickness of 5-7 μm were prepared. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, collagen fibers were detected by the Van Gison method, elastic fibers by Weygert. A distinctive feature of the papillary layer of the dermis was a well-developed system of venous sinuses that anastomosed with each other. The abundance of mononuclear cells in the lumen of the sinuses indicated the important role of the skin as an organ of the immune system that provides adaptation and protection of animals in a sharply continental climate.

Stress is a set of nonspecific changes in the body that are the result of its neurohumoral reaction to external stimuli, and its causative factors are called stressors. Changes in the body caused by a stressor are called the general adaptation syndrome, which is actually the clinical manifestation of stress. Various stresses (technological, temperature, rank ones, trauma, burns, etc.) should be considered as conditions that lead to a decrease in the level of the body's immune status and an increase in the susceptibility of animals to pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microflora that is constantly persistent in their bodies and the surrounding environment. This pattern is manifested in varying degrees in farms of different forms of ownership, in the form of stress factors that reduce the level of the immune status of the organism. The article presents the results of research on the influence of stress of regrouping on blood morphology and the immune system of newborn calves. Calves’ blood was examined before and after regrouping, it was found that a decrease in the level of the immune status of the organism manifesting itself in a change in the morphological blood pattern and an increase in the susceptibility of animals to diseases, is caused by stress of regrouping, thus, stress negatively affects the overall parameters of blood morphology and calves’ immunity.

Rearing young farm animals in the early stages of postnatal ontogeny is a critical point. There are many aspects of theoretical and practical research on improving the safety and prevention of diseases of calves, but one of the main ones is a comprehensive knowledge of the morphofunctional and adaptive features of calves during the newborn period. To continue to exist in a modified environment is to maintain vital activity and some aspects of homeostasis that are characteristic of organisms of this species, this level of development of its nervous and hormonal mechanisms. When analyzing the incidence and death of calves, it was found that the transfer of calves from individual cells to General ones and the change of milk feeding to hay and mixed feed provokes the growth of diseases at the age of 10 days and older than one month (70%), and also dies at this age (58%). Morpho-physiological features of newborns are the impenetrability of the placenta of hoofed productive animals to the immunoglobulins of the mothers ’ blood. Nature has created a unique mechanism for receiving immunoglobulins in the body of newborn ungulates. After direct maternal immune protection during pregnancy ceases, nature replaces it with colostrum immune protection. To confirm and derive biological laws, the dynamics of immunoglobulins in the blood and colostrum of cows and pigs before and after childbirth were studied.

The study of stress sensitivity in newborn animals is an urgent problem. According to the type of neurohumoral activity, animals differ from each other. The body’s response to the effects of stress can manifest itself in the form of adaptation or exhaustion. One of the most recognized definitions of the term “disease” is damage to the structure and function of the body under the influence of external factors during the reactive mobilization of its compensatory and adaptive mechanisms. As well as a set of non-specific changes in the body that are the result of its neurohumoral response to external stimuli that are stress. Based on the above, we set the following tasks: to develop a method for detecting stress-dependent animals; to study the effect of stress on the immune system of newborn calves; to study the influence of the Central nervous system on the manifestation of regrouping stress and its correction using sedatives. Experiments to study stress sensitivity were performed on newborn calves. A method was developed for detecting stress sensitivity in newborn calves, according to the formulated formula (know-how). Animals that have u.e according to the formula below 1.35 refers to stress-resistant, and with a value above 1.35-to stress-sensitive. When studying the effect of stress on the immune system, differences in indicators were found depending on stress sensitivity.

The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is steadily growing and today the World Health Organization (WHO) describes this situation as an epidemic. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of DM, as well as one of the main causes of acquired irreversible vision loss. Nowadays the pathogenesis of proliferative DR remains completely unexplored, but many authors think about the important role of biologically significant mediators of this process cytokines and growth factors. Cytokines and growth factors are protein mediators that regulate various functions, both locally and systemically. They carry out the cells’ life cycle, the processes of proliferation, participate in the regulation of the protective inflammatory response of the body, control angiogenesis and other mechanisms. It is proved that the main links in the pathogenesis of DR are oxidative stress, thickening of the endothelial basement membrane in capillaries, loss of pericytes, end products of glycation and inflammation. Chorioretinal hypoxia and ischemia play a major role in the formation of newly formed vessels. Newly formed vessels are defective (with a thin wall devoid of pericytes), often lead to hemorrhages, hypoxia, which in turn closes the pathological circle and causes the production of cytokines and vasoproliferative factors. Frequent complications of DR are intraocular hemorrhages, retinal fibrosis and pathological changes in the posterior hyaloid membrane, traction retinal detachment, etc. This review examines some types of cytokines and growth factors and their role in the light in the pathogenesis of proliferative DR. Modern technologies make it possible to conduct effective studies of intraocular fluids to study the content of biologically active substances both in the moisture of the anterior chamber of the eye and in the vitreous body. To narrow the scope of the review on the subject attention is focused on the works that examined various markers locally in the intraocular fluids in patients with DM. It is worth noting that there are few such studies and their results often differ significantly from each other. This fact is a subject for discussion and encourages further study of this topic.