Measurements from six longitudinally separated magnetic observatories, all located close to the 53⁰ mid-latitude contour, are analysed. We focus on the large geomagnetic disturbance that occurred during 7 and 8 September 2017. Combined with available geomagnetically induced current (GIC) data from two substations, each located near to a magnetic observatory, we investigate the magnetospheric drivers of the largest events. We analyse solar wind parameters combined with auroral electrojet indices to investigate the driving mechanisms. Six magnetic field disturbance events were observed at mid-latitudes with dH/dt >60 nT/min. Co-located GIC measurements identified transformer currents >15 A during three of the events. The initial event was caused by a solar wind pressure pulse causing largest effects on the dayside, consistent with the rapid compression of the dayside geomagnetic field. Four of the events were caused by substorms. Variations in the Magnetic Local Time of the maximum effect of each substorm-driven event were apparent, with magnetic midnight, morning-side, and dusk-side events all occurring. The six events occurred over a period of almost 24 hours, during which the solar wind remained elevated at >700 km s -1 , indicating an extended time scale for potential GIC problems in electrical power networks following a sudden storm commencement. This work demonstrates the challenge of understanding the causes of ground-level magnetic field changes (and hence GIC magnitudes) for the global power industry. It also demonstrates the importance of magnetic local time and differing inner magnetospheric processes when considering the global hazard posed by GIC to power grids.

Abstract:With the closer integration of industry participants, contractors are accepting greater responsibility for managing the detailed design process. Successful management of the crucial and complex interface between design and pre-construction activities is becoming increasingly important. The different theoretical backgrounds to the design and construction processes described in current literature are examined, and their effects on the interface between the two processes in practice are discussed.Published work identifies a significant difference between the theoretical understanding of the design process and that of the construction process. What emerges could have implications for the management of the interface between them. In addition, a potentially significant impact on the design process created by the lack of access to specialist knowledge at the optimal time is also identified.The significance of conceptual frameworks in research is identified, and the conceptual frameworks for the interface between the detailed design and construction processes are developed. These could provide a basis for an improved model for the understanding and management of the interface that reflects the different theoretical foundations, and for an optimized process for the selection, appointment and input of specialist subcontractors.

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The government, along with the Building Research Establishment, recognizes that there is considerable scope for reducing energy consumption by addressing the environmental performance of public buildings, such as schools and universities. It is acknowledged that substantial savings in terms of energy consumption and gaseous emissions can be realized through the construction of low‐energy design or ‘green’ buildings. These low‐energy designs should have produced relatively low annual energy running costs. However, in England alone, it is estimated that in 1997 universities spent £200 million on fuel. The increase in the construction of low‐energy design buildings has not witnessed a subsequent reduction in the energy consumption of these buildings. A detailed study of the electrical consumption of the Queen's Building at Anglia Polytechnic University was undertaken, using the Building Research Establishment's latest environmental School Tool‐Kit. Surprisingly, the actual electrical consumption of the building was found to be 2.5 times greater than the amount originally forecast. Poor housekeeping measures were identified as the most likely reason for this. The education of the occupants of buildings in good housekeeping is the key to successfully reducing electricity consumption and hence, enabling the buildings to function as intended. When occupants display good housekeeping techniques, buildings will perform in an environmentally benign and efficient manner. So, green buildings need green occupants. Technology alone cannot and will not save the environment; it needs to be complemented and supplemented by a change in people's lifestyles and attitudes towards the environment. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

AcknowledgementsGolf course managers need to manage their facilities efficiently for both economic and qualitative reasons. Golf greens are the most significant area on the golf course for play, intensity of maintenance practice, and player judgement of quality. The gap in knowledge lies between measurement of golf green performance and operations efficiency. Performance measurement is the process of controlling management operations to achieve optimum resource input efficacy but in considering existing performance management systems it was found that none provided a definitive tool that could be used to monitor operations for golf green management. This research aims to determine whether a performance management system can be developed for golf green management.Four golf courses were selected to collect management data for operations practices and qualitative tests of golf green performance. Interviews provided operations data for the core practices, identified from literature, including material inputs. The comparison of maintenance inputs and their costs against playing quality allow objective comparison and determination of management efficacy. A survey of golf course managers and review of industry operations practice also informed the key parameters in the development of a performance management framework.Research data for maintenance intensity, cost, and quality have been plotted onto analysis framework graphs which indicate the quality golf course managers are achieving within golf green culture with known levels of resource input. This research proposes a performance management framework for golf course managers to enable them to better manage their golf greens.The adopted research methodology and methods have produced a performance based management framework for golf green management. Mapping key parameters of quality, costs, and inputs in a benchmarking radar chart reflects the efficacy of golf green management in a way that allows stakeholders to identify and adjust operation variables. In a survey of Golf Course Managers in the UK, 73% of respondents stated that they would find a performance management framework beneficial for their work.