osteoporozom. Prose~ne vrednosti CTX bile su najvi{e u grupi C (0,54±0,24 ng/mL), u pore|enju sa grupom B (0,44±0,21 ng/mL) (p<0,0001) i grupom A (0,33±0,13 ng/mL) (p<0,029). Srednje vrednosti OC bile su zna~ajno vi{e u grupi C (26,83±9,91 ng/mL) u pore| enju sa grupom A (20,47±7,03 ng/mL) (p<0,011), ali ne i zna~ajno vi{e u pore|enju sa grupom B (24,11±8,38 ng/mL) (p<0,05). Trajanje postmenopauze bilo je najdu`e u grupi C (13,1±8,31 god.) u pore|enju sa grupom B (9,6±6,24 god.) i grupom A (8,15±6,86 god.). @ene u post menopauzi sa du`im trajanjem menopauze dobile su osteoporozu. @ene u PM sa osteoporozom imale su povi{ene nivoe markera ko{tanog prometa {to je ukazalo na povi{enu stopu ko{tanog remodelovanja, ~iji je rezultat preterana ko{tana resorpcija, i gubitak ko{tane mase. Dugotrajno pri sust vo visokih nivoa markera ko{tane resorpcije CTX, uz nedovoljnu kompen zaciju od strane markera za formiranje kostiju OC, omogu}ilo je razvoj osteoporoze. Summary: Osteoporosis is a systemic disease charac terized by low bone mass and high bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women (PM). The relationship between biochemical bone markers C-telopeptides of type 1 collagen (CTX) and osteocalcin (OC), and bone mineral density (BMD) in the postmenopausal period was examined in 104 PM women divided into three groups according to their BMD: group A -control PM with normal bone density, group B -osteopenic PM and group C -osteoporotic PM.Mean CTX values were highest in group C (0.54±0.24 ng/mL) com pared to group B (0.44±0.21 ng/mL) (p<0.0001), and group A (0.33±0.13 ng/mL) (p<0.029). Mean OC levels in group C (26.83±9.91 ng/mL) were signifi cantly higher com pa red to group A (20.47±7.03 ng/mL) (p<0.011) but not signi ficantly higher compared to group B (24.11±8.38 ng/mL) (p>0.05). Postmenopause duration was longest in group C (13.1±8.31 yrs) compared to group B (9.6±6.24 yrs), and group A (8.15±6.86 yrs). Postmenopausal women developed osteo porosis with longer menopause duration. PM osteopo rotic women were cha racterized by increased levels of bone turnover markers indicating increased rate of bone remodeling, which resul ted in excessive bone resorption, and loss of bone mass. Long-term persistence of high bone resorption marker CTX, insufficiently com pensated with bone formation marker OC, enabled osteoporosis dev elopment.

Introduction: Physical activity is one important factor in the nervous system of animals, it may affect the structure also the function of the brain. Regular aerobic exercises have a good effect on the whole body and thus improves the sense of well-being. Aim: The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of aerobic physical activity in white laboratory rats for 21 days. Methods: The experimental animals used were twenty Wistar rats, divided into 2 groups of 10 animals they were subjected to forced swim test for 21 days for 60-90 min swim. The evaluation of levels of Adrenaline was performed on 1st, 7th, 14th day and on the last day of the experiment day 21 using ELISA kit protocol, also body mass was compared between groups. Results: Our results showed that inducing aerobic physical activity for 21 days on the rats affects their levels of adrenaline. Comparatively, the control group of rats had significantly higher levels of adrenalin compared with day 21 (p=0.435) but lower compared with day 7 and 14 (p=0.231). There was also a difference in body mass which demonstrates adaptability to the surroundings and better coping with physical stress. Conclusion: Regular aerobic activity for 21 days, for 60-90 min swim has a positive impact on adrenaline level also this aerobic exercise protocol could have a positive impact on reducing and maintaining body weight, thus preventing overweight.

Introduction: Physical inactivity has been identified as a major risk factor for global mortality, causing approximately 2 million deaths globally, whereas the physical activity of moderate intensity has significant benefits for health. Exposure to stress results in changes in the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems, as well as behavioral changes which allow an organism to adapt to environmental changes. This study aimed to assess changes in cortisol levels and body temperature in rats after forced swim tests. Methods: Female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a control group (n = 10; not subjected to a forced swim test) and an experimental group (n = 10; subjected to a forced swim test). The forced swim test (60-90 min) was given to the experimental group for 21 days. Body temperature was measured rectally every day, and blood was taken from the animals on the 1st, 7th, 14th, and 21st days of the experiment to determine cortisol levels using a Mouse/Rat Cortisol ELISA protocol. Results: The results showed a statistically significant difference in the cortisol level between the groups on day 21 (p < 0.05). We found a significant reduction in the recurrent temperature after exposure to physical stress. Conclusions: Regular aerobic activity at a submaximal level for 21 days can reduce the hormonal stress response in female Wistar rats.