Bahasa daerah Bali masih eksis sebagai muatan lokal wajib pada jenjang pendidikan dasar dan menangah.Sistem bicara bahasa Bali yang unik dengan anggah-ungguh basa-nya merupakan warisan budaya Bali yang patut diselamatkan.Mengingat bahasa daerah Bali memiliki peran yang strategis sebagai wahana dan akar budaya Bali, maka bahasa daerah Bali patut dipelihara, dibina, dan dilestarikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tingkat-tingkatan bicara bahasa Bali sebagai dampak dari adanya anggah-ungguh kruna bahasa Bali.Penelitian ini menggunakan teori sosiolinguistik Fishman (1986). Dalam pengumpulan data digunakan metode observasi dan metode wawancara.Data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara deskriptif analitis. Berdasarkan anggah-ungguh kruna sebagai pembentuknya, tingkatan bahasa Bali dibedakan atas (1) basa kasar (kasar jabag dan kasar pisan, (2) basa andap, (3) basa madia, dan (4) basa alus (alus singgih, alus sor, alus mider).

Grounded in constructivism and considering the context of literature studies, the current research examines the direct and indirect impact of students’ perception of their teachers’ indigenous knowledge and cultural competencies on their learning outcomes via an underlying mechanism of student engagement.  The current study aims to provide insightful recommendations for academicians and school administrative bodies to provide necessary teacher training and development facilities so they can better transfer their knowledge to the students. Furthermore, the current study brings several theoretical and practical advances in the context of literature studies. Utilizing a time-lagged quantitative research design, data were collected from the 536 literature students from the higher educational institutions of Indonesia. Moreover, data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in SmartPLS3 software.  The results revealed that students’ perception of their teachers’ indigenous knowledge and cultural competency positively influences their learning outcomes in terms of cognitive, social, and interpersonal skills. Besides, no significant differences were found between the impact of teachers' indigenous knowledge and cultural competencies on students learning outcomes reflecting the utmost importance of both study constructs in enhancing students’ abilities. Moreover, results also revealed the significant mediatory role of students' engagement between their perceptions of teachers’ indigenous knowledge and cultural competencies to enhance their learning outcomes.

[Title: Linguistic Study of Comparative Historis on Sound Change Patterns] The local languages in Nusa Tenggara Timur need to be observed, analysed, constructed, and conserved. Data research phenomena is done deeply approaching especially the local languages, which exist and develop in Alor Island. The observer analyses language phenomena on pattern of sound change in the languages of Kabola, Hamap, and Klon in Alor Island. The complete data of the three language are analysed by the study of comparative historic linguistic. The observation that analyses the languages in Alor Island use the synchronous approach, to know the language development in a period. The theory is used to analyse the pattern of sound change in the languages of Kabola, Hamap, and Klon in Alor Island is Blust (2013). Hock, (1988), Crowley (1987), Chomsky (1968), Dyen (1978), Schane (1973), Bynon (1979), Antila (1972), Jeffers and Lehiste (1979), and Keraf (1996). The result of observation is hoped that the young generation as local language speaker realize and understand that their languages are the same origin of languages so they are reconstructed, developed, and conserved so that they can support national language.

Pendataan terhadap bahasa-bahasa daerah di wilayah Nusa Tenggara Timur perlu dikaji, terutama bahasa-bahasa daerah di Pulau Alor. Peneliti mengkaji pendataan terhadap bahasa Kabola, bahasa Hamap, dan bahasa Klon dengan kajian linguistik historis komparatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sinkronik, untuk mengetahui perkembangan bahasa pada satu kurun waktu. Kajian ini didasarkan pada hasil rekonstruksi PAN dari para ahli seperti: Demwolff, Dyen, Blust, Lopez, disusun pada daftar rekonstruksi bahasa Austronesia yang disusun oleh Wurm dan Wilson. Metode perbandingan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini bersifat sinkomparatif, untuk menemukan ciri-ciri kesamaan dan perbedaan antarbahasa kerabat yang hidup pada masa yang sama. Fenomena kebahasaan yang dikaji bersifat deskriptif, yakni data yang dikumpulkan adalah data pada masa sekarang.Pantulan (refleks) PAN ke Protobahasa Kabola, Hamap, dan Klon (PKbHpKl) ditemukan refleks fonem vokal PAN, deret vokal PAN, fonem konsonan PAN, dan gugus konsonan PAN pada PKbHpKl. Beberapa fonem yang terpantul dari Proto PAN ke protobahasa Kabola, protobahasa Hamap, dan protobahasa Klon menunjukkan bahwa ketiga bahasa tersebut merupakan turunan dari Proto PAN serta tergolong bahasa Austronesia. Kata kunci: pantulan dan Linguistik Historis Komparatif. ABSTRACT[Title: The reflexion of proto Austronesia to Kabola, Hamap, and Klon protolanguage in Alor Island, Nusa Tenggara Timur] Making data of the local languages in Nusa Tenggara Timur need to be observed, especially the local languages in Alor Island. The observer analyses the data collection in the languages of Kabola, Hamap, and Klon by the study of comparative historic linguistic.This observation uses synchronous approach, to know the language development in a period. This study is based on the result of PAN reconstruction of experts, such as: Demwolff, Dyen, Blust, Lopez, compiled by the list of Austronesia reconstruction composed by Wurm and Wilson. Comparative method used in this observation is sin comparative, to find the characteristics of similarity and the difference between relative languages that are alive in the same period. The language phenomena that is analysed is descriptive, firstly the data that is collected is the data of nowdays period. Reflection of PAN to Protolanguage Kabola, Hamap, and Klon (PKbHpKl) are found reflection of vocal phoneme PAN, vocal series of PAN, consonant phoneme of PAN, and cluster of consonant PAN on PKbHpKl. Some phonemes are reflected from Proto PAN to Protolanguage Kabola, Hamap, and Klon show that the three languages are derivativeof Proto PAN and Austronesia.

No abstract