[1] The potential effect on surface water pH of emissions of SO X and NO X from global ship routes is assessed. The results indicate that regional pH reductions of the same order of magnitude as the CO 2 -driven acidification can occur in heavily trafficked waters. These findings have important consequences for ocean chemistry, since the sulfuric and nitric acids formed are strong acids in contrast to the weak carbonic acid formed by dissolution of CO 2 . Our results also provide background for discussion of expanded controls to mitigate acidification due to these shipping emissions. Citation: Hassellöv,

Shipwrecks deteriorate and the probability of a release of oil increases with time on the sea floor. The potential leakage is a risk to the marine environment and may also have social and economic consequences. The purpose of this study was to evaluate existing methods for risk assessment of shipwrecks and suggest a generic risk assessment framework. A risk assessment is necessary for providing decision support on remediation actions and thus enabling an efficient use of available resources. Existing risk assessment methods aimed for assessing shipwrecks were evaluated by comparison to relevant parts of an international standard on risk management. The comparison showed that existing methods lack several key components of risk assessment procedures. None of the evaluated methods provide a comprehensive risk assessment for potentially polluting shipwrecks and few take into account uncertainty and sensitivity. Furthermore, there is a need to develop risk assessment methods considering long-term effects of continuous release of oil into the marine environment. Finally, a generic comprehensive framework for risk assessment of shipwrecks is suggested.

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International regulation of the emission of acidic sulphur and nitrogen oxides from commercial shipping has focused on the risks to human health, with little attention paid to the consequences for the marine environment. The introduction of stricter regulations in northern Europe has led to substantial investment in scrubbers that absorb the sulphur oxides in a counterflow of seawater. This paper examines the consequences of smokestack and scrubber release of acidic oxides in the Baltic Sea according to a range of scenarios for the coming decades. While shipping is projected to become a major source of strong acid deposition to the Baltic Sea by 2050, the long-term effect on the pH and alkalinity is projected to be significantly smaller than estimated from previous scoping studies. A significant contribution to this difference is the efficient export of surface water acidification to the North Sea on a timescale of 15–20 years.