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Background: There are no robust national prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in Nigerian women despite the high burden of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality. The objective of study: This study aims to determine the pooled prevalence and risk factors of genital HPV infection in Nigeria through a systemic review protocol. Methods: Databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and AJOL were searched between 10 April to 28 July 2020. HPV studies on Nigerian females and published from April 1999 to March 2019 were included. GRADE was used to assess the quality of evidence. Results: The pooled prevalence of cervical HPV was 20.65% (95%CI: 19.7-21.7). Genotypes 31 (70.8%), 35 (69.9%) and 16 (52.9%) were the most predominant HPV in circulation. Of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria, northeast had the highest pooled prevalence of HPV infection (48.1%), while the least was in the north-west (6.8%). After multivariate logistic regression, duration (years) of sexual exposure (OR ¼ 3.24, 95%CI: 1.78-9.23]), history of other malignancies (OR ¼ 1.93, 95%CI: 1.03-2.97]), history of sexually transmitted infection (OR ¼ 2.45, 95% CI: 1.31-3.55]), coital frequency per week (OR ¼ 5.11, 95%CI: 3.86-14.29), the status of circumcision of the sexual partner (OR ¼ 2.71, 95%CI: 1.62-9.05), and marital status (OR ¼ 1.72, 95%CI: 1.16-4.72), were significant risk factors of HPV infection (p < 0.05). Irregular menstruation, postcoital bleeding and abdominal vaginal discharge were significantly associated with HPV infection (p < 0.05). Conclusion: HPV prevalence is high in Nigeria and was significantly associated with several associated risk factors. Rapid screening for high-risk HPV genotypes is recommended and multivalent HPV vaccines should be considered for women.

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Context: Oxidative stress, vitamin, and macroelement deficiencies have been implicated in male infertility. It is unknown if diabetes mellitus with its attendant increased oxidative stress makes the seminal quality of the diabetic infertile men worse compared to their nondiabetic counterparts. Aims: The study investigated semen parameters, seminal plasma calcium, magnesium, Vitamins C and E, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in diabetic and nondiabetic infertile men. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study involving 30 infertile men with type 2 diabetes, 30 infertile nondiabetic men and 30 fertile men. Subjects and Methods: Fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, seminal plasma calcium, magnesium, TAC, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, semen analysis, and cultures carried out using the standard procedures. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed by the analysis of variance and Student's t -test; the level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Both infertile groups had significantly lower ( P < 0.0001) sperm count, percentage motility, TAC, Vitamin E and C, magnesium and calcium when compared to the fertile group. However, there was no statistically significant difference ( P > 0.05) in the mean values of these parameters among the two infertile groups. The infertile men had a significantly higher ( P = 0.034) frequency of bacterial isolates compared to the fertile men. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent organism isolated. Conclusions: Seminal calcium, magnesium, TAC, and Vitamin E and C were lower in both infertile diabetic and nondiabetic men as compared to that of fertile men, but the levels of these analytes were comparable in the infertile diabetic and nondiabetic men.

Relationship between lipid levels and BMI was investigated in euthyroid, hyperthyroid, hypothyroid, general Type 2 diabetics, and non-diabetic control subjects. FT 4 , T 4 , T 3 and TSH did not differ in obese and non-obese diabetics but were higher in diabetics than in non-diabetics (p = 0.015, 0.012, 0.0164 respectively). Levels of FT 4 correlated with TC,