ResumenEn 2007 y 2008 se capacitó a 74 mujeres indígenas de seis comunidades Mixtecas del Distrito de Nochixtlán, Oaxaca, en la preparación y uso de la lombricultura. En 2010 y 2011 se aplicó una encuesta a las mujeres participantes con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de los factores tecnológicos, económi-cos, sociales y culturales sobre la adopción de la lombricultura. Los datos se analizaron mediante correlaciones y regresión múltiple. Los resultados revelaron que 100 % de la mujeres adoptaron la lombricultura, 89.2 % en un nivel alto, 10.8 % en un nivel medio, y ninguna en el nivel bajo. Los factores que se correlacionaron con Adopción fueron, de los tecnológicos, Conocimiento de la tecnología (r=0.59) y Relevancia de la tecnología (r=0.24); de los sociales, la Edad (r=-0.53) y la Escolaridad (r=0.45); y de los culturales, Lengua (r=0.41). En el modelo de regresión múltiple, solo Conocimiento de la tecnología, Edad y Escolaridad mostraron ser factores determinantes en la Adopción de la lombricultura. Se concluye que el curso de capacitación y apoyos económicos otorgados fueron eficientes en enseñar la técnica de lombricultura a las mujeres participantes. Se sugiere contar con un traductor en la lengua local para mejorar la enseñanza.
A Sustainability Index for Traditional Agroecosystems (SITA) applied in Yaonáhuac, Puebla, Mexico was built. The index was composed of 16 indicators, with which the analysis of diversity-resilience, self-management-autonomy, integration, and self-sufficiency was carried out. To determine the type of sustainability, 62 in-depth interviews were applied to inhabitants of the municipality of Yaonáhuac. The results showed that the following indicators increased the sustainability of home gardens: soil fertility properties, agricultural heterogeneity, linking practices with the home garden, family participation, non-participation in government subsidies, agricultural local knowledges, uses of plants, material of the fence or boundary, productive diversity, and destination of crops. It was found that 29 home gardens showed super strong sustainability and 31 had strong sustainability. The SITA can be used to research small-scale traditional agroecosystems with similar characteristics to monitor their sustainability, as well as to assist in decision-making and promote agroecological management from the home. The shown data represent initial information to monitor and propose agroecological transitions in that region.
ResumenEl artículo muestra los cambios sociodemográficos y econó-micos que experimentaron los hogares y sus miembros en el México rural, a escala nacional y regional, en el periodo 2002-2007. El análisis se basó en información tipo panel de dos rondas de la Encuesta Nacional a Hogares Rurales de México (ENHRUM I y II, de aquí en adelante) bajo un enfoque cuantitativo. Dentro de los principales resultados destacan los siguientes: a) en el aspecto sociodemográfico resalta el aumento en el nivel de escolaridad promedio del hogar, el incremento de la migración hacia EE. UU. y la reducción de la migración al interior de México; b) en el ámbito económico, los ingresos por actividades no agropecuarias tienen una participación significativa en la composición del ingreso total del hogar; c) en cuanto al acceso a subsidios gubernamentales se registró un aumento en el periodo, en especial los provenientes de los programas sociales. Los resultados a escala regional indican la heterogeneidad que existe en el sector rural de México, la cual debe considerarse al diseñar políticas públicas para este sector.Palabras clave: activos físicos agropecuarios, apoyos gubernamentales, crédito, nivel de escolaridad. IntRoduccIónP ara establecer la importancia del sector rural es preciso conocer la evolución de su población. El componente de población rural en el ámbito nacional ha venido creciendo en términos absolutos, al pasar de 11 millones en 1930 a 27.5 AbstRActThe article shows sociodemographic and economic changes that were experienced by households and their members in rural México, at the national and regional scale, during the 2002-2007 period. The analysis was based on panel type information from two rounds of the National Survey of Rural Households in México (Encuesta Nacional a Hogares Rurales de México, ENHRUM I and II, from this point forward) under a quantitative approach. Within the main results, the following stand out: a) in the sociodemographic aspect, the increase in the average level of schooling of the household, the increase of migration towards the US, and the reduction of migration inside México stand out; b) in the economic aspect, incomes from non-agricultural and livestock activities have a significant participation in the composition of the total income of the household; c) with regards to access to government subsidies, an increase was seen during the period, especially to those from social programs. The results at a regional scale indicate the heterogeneity there is in the rural sector in México, which should be considered when designing public policies for this sector.
Objetivo: describir y analizar los conocimientos tradicionales empleados para la elaboración de chocolates artesanales en Tabasco, México. Metodología: se empleó un método de investigación analítico cualitativo. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de talleres participativos, observación directa y entrevistas a profundidad, a productores(as) rurales de chocolates. Resultados: el chocolate casero artesanal está presente en la dieta de los habitantes de la Chontalpa e incorpora saberes locales transmitidos de forma oral por generaciones. Producen para el autoconsumo y en algunos casos, comercializan el excedente. Limitaciones: futuras investigaciones sobre el tema deberán abordar la estructura de costos de producción y las preferencias de consumidores por los atributos relacionados con ingredientes locales y proceso artesanal. Conclusiones: existe un potencial nicho de mercado con consumidores locales y regionales que han perdido los saberes en la elaboración de chocolates, a los sectores que no tienen tiempo ni espacio para generar sus propios productos y un mercado de la nostalgia que se ubica en la cabecera municipal.
Objective: The objective of this research was to analyze the use of agricultural technology and the profitability of the tejocote (Crataegus spp.) production system and its explanatory factors, in order to identify actions to increase the income of fruit growers. Design/methodology/approach: Two patterns were used (producers who carry out good phytosanitary practices and producers who export). A stratified sample of 90 fruit growers was obtained, with 95% reliability and 10% accuracy. Subsequently, a survey was carried out and the profitability of tejocote production was calculated with the data. In addition, the explanatory factors of profitability were identified using a multiple regression model. Results: Profitability, measured with the Benefit-Cost indicator, ranged from 0.13 to 2.38, and an average of 0.84. In the scenario of not accounting for family labor or depreciation of infrastructure, a Benefit-Cost Ratio from 0.35 to 6.37 is achieved, with an average of 1.90. The use of technology, measured by the technological index (TI) in the cultivation of tejocote was significant to improve profitability. The average profitability of the high TI stratum is different from the average profitability of the medium and low TI strata. In addition, the explanatory factors of profitability that were significant (p≤0.05) were technological index, phytosanitary control, training, schooling and size of the plantation. Study limitations: Most producers do not keep a record of production activities and costs. Likewise, in the analysis of economic profitability it is difficult to assess indirect benefits, intangible benefits and externalities. Findings/Conclusions: It was found that the tejocote activity is profitable for producers who use more technology and have a greater number of trees in production. The variables that most impact profitability were use of technology, phytosanitary control, size of the plantation, and training.
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