The COVID-19 pandemic has forced all nations to take an active role in infection control incorporating recommendations and measures to control viral dissemination. The epidemiological impact is very diverse and dynamic, even within the same region. Scientific knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 continues to improve every day with protocols needing to be updated and adjusted on a regular basis. Ophthalmology is a medical specialty identified to be at high risk for several reasons: it has very close doctor-patient contact, the virus has been detected in tears, and the ocular surface serves as a gateway to developing the infection. We have reviewed the current information on SARS-CoV-2 in the ophthalmologic field and provide up-to-date recommendations to help create protocols that can adapt to the dynamic situation of ophthalmologic institutions, patient cases, economic situations and access to diagnostic tests. This paper outlines the main recommendations regarding the initial consultation and outpatient clinics, measures to apply in the operating room (OR), and suggestions for post-surgical controls. Triage, according to the patient's conditions and eye pathology, reduction of the time the patient is at the institution, social distancing, correct use of personal protective equipment (PPE), barrier methods, hygiene, as well as other recommendations mentioned in this document, will allow physicians to take care of the visual health of the patients while reducing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

This article examines how racial and ethnic representation influences the tools that public officials use in designing policy. We use Schneider and Ingram's policy tools framework to empirically test how racial and ethnic representation affects student discipline outcomes in a sample of Georgia public schools. We find that schools with balanced racial and ethnic representation are more likely to adopt learning-oriented discipline policies, whereas those with imbalanced representation are more likely to implement sanction-oriented policies. The results demonstrate that representation is an important lever in policy design, with broad social and political consequences that extend beyond the immediate organization.

The possible benefits of e-government are currently generating far more interest than the limitations. The dominant view is that the Internet offers almost unlimited potential and that governments are not fully exploiting this opportunity. The authors' findings question this conclusion. They find a strong preference for in-person and telephone communication, even when these methods might actually be less convenient. The authors focus on a single public agency, but the circumstances they address are common in public organizations.T he rise of the Internet presents a major challenge to governments. Many questions remain about how to best use this revolutionary new technology. This is not easy to sort out, given the uncertainties that exist and the complexity of the technologies involved. The current atmosphere of marketing hype and idealistic hopes could lead government officials in the wrong direction.This article seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the role of the Internet in public organizations by looking at the demand for certain types of interactive tools. Our data are from a series of telephone polls that asked Georgia citizens about different ways they might communicate with the Georgia Office of Consumer Affairs.

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The paper presents a theoretical model that seeks to answer the question of why former squatter settlements tend to upgrade/redevelop at a slower pace than otherwise similar settlements originating in the formal sector. We argue that squatter settlers' initial strategy to access urban land creates a 'legacy effect' that curtails settlement upgrading possibilities even after the settlements are granted property titles. We test our model using the case of Cochabamba, Bolivia and obtain results consistent with our theoretical model prediction. Our results suggest that the commonly used 'benign neglect while keeping the threat of eviction' policy has profound impacts on how land is developed in the informal sector and this poses costly consequences for local governments after legalization.