COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a fundamental challenge to inclusive tourism particularly in terms of people at high risk to COVID-19. Considering physical distancing as the most effective non pharmaceutical intervention to minimize the virus contagion, this research purported to reveal the influence of interpersonal constraints on the travel intention of people physically vulnerable to COVID-19, also owing to the concern of their need to fulfill well-being. Data collection was conducted through an online survey to citizens of Jakarta aged 46 and older. SmartPLS SEM was used to examine the role of interpersonal constraints and the Theory or Reasoned Action in determining travel intention. The study showed that travel intention of people at high risk from COVID-19 can be classified as high, with attitude, subjective norms, and interpersonal constraint as its determinants. Nonetheless, the structural model did not show any moderating effects of interpersonal constraints in the framework. The weak effect of interpersonal constraints hinted collective values might act as a buffer towards the constraints in travel decision making. The study offered some thoughts and recommendations for inclusive tourism development, inter alia in promoting physical distancing in destinations, wishing to contribute towards the attainment of sustainable tourism.

COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a fundamental challenge to tourism, that is mobility. While research on tourism intention have been growing since the beginning of the pandemic, there was a lack of attention on discussion about people who face less opportunity for tourism due to their vulnerable physical conditions or people at-risk to COVID-19. Therefore, this research purported to reveal the influence of tourism constraints on tourism intention of people categorized as physically vulnerable to COVID-19 in the new normal era. Data collection was conducted through an online survey to citizens of Jakarta belonging to middle age and elderly group from end of June to September 2021. Multiple regression analysis with SPSS is used to test the relationship between tourism constraints and tourism intention, and analyze data of 337 respondents. The study showed that tourism intention of people at-risk from COVID-19 can be classified as high with intrapersonal constraints being the only significant constraints. This implies that the significant effect of intrapersonal constraints is not powerful enough to reduce the tourism intention of people susceptible to COVID-19.

COVID-19 pandemic has brought great impacts not only to physical but also mental well-being. Ordeals in daily life due to the real exposure of COVID-19 may generate an extra cautious behavior to do out-of-home activities in order to avoid the encounter to the disease again, which plays a part in shaping inclusive tourism challenge. Down to the concern of the fulfillment of well-being, this study aimed to learn the role of COVID-19 exposure to people atrisk's tourism intention. Online surveys were used as the data collecting instrument from citizens of Jakarta aged 46 and older. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior as its theoretical framework, this research applied SPSS' sub-group analysis as the data analysis technique. The study showed that tourism intention of people at-risk from COVID-19 could be classified as high and was significantly influenced by attitude, subjective norm, as well as perceived behavioral control. The analysis also showed that COVID-19 exposure to people at-risk was a moderator to travel intention. Comparison of path coefficients among the exposure-based group showed that exposure to COVID-19 affects differently to personal rather than external factors. The study highlights the importance of lessening people at-risk's apprehension to travel during the new normal.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, tourism constraints have created a challenge for inclusive tourism, especially for older people and people with comorbidities. This study examined intrapersonal constraints’ effect on the travel intentions of people facing fewer opportunities for tourism due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which could disrupt their well-being fulfillment. The data were collected through an online survey of Jakarta citizens aged 46 years and older from the end of June to September 2021, and a total of 337 responses were accumulated. This study applied partial least square structural equation modeling to test the moderating effect of intrapersonal constraints toward the theory of planned behavior and revealed that the travel intentions of people at high risk from COVID-19 were considered high and were directly influenced by subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intrapersonal constraints. High travel intention implies that intrapersonal constraints do not extensively weaken at-risk people’s desire to travel during the new normal.