Yield performance of rice varieties could be increased by optimizing plant spacing and fertilizer rate. The experiment was aimed to study the response of new rice varieties to fertilizer rates and plant spacing in two seasons (April 2012-April 2013) at farmer’s field, in Cianjur district, West Java. The experiment was arranged in a split-split plot design with 3 replications. The main plots were fertilizer rates: P1 was the present local recommendation (Urea = 100 kg/ha, Phonska= 300 kg/ha; organic fertilizer = 500 kg/ha), applied at 14 days after transplanting. P2 was the proposed recommended rate, based on SIPAPUKDI, Urea = 320 kg/ha, SP36 = 70 kg/ha, KCl = 130 kg/ha, applied at 7 dat, 21 dat and 42 dat (before flower initiation stage). Sub plots were plant spacing; T1 was local practice (equal spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm) and T2 was paired-rows Legowo 2:1 (25 cm-50 cm x 12.5 cm); Sub-sub plots were rice varieties, V1 was the best site variety (Mekongga), V2 was Inpari 14, V3 was Inpari 17 and V4 was Inpari 6. The sub-sub plot size was 8 m x 5 m, with the total of 48 plots per replication. The highest grain yields in the first planting season was 8.68 t dry grains/ha, produced by Inpari 17 planted with pairedrows legowo 2:1, followed by Mekongga (8.22 t dry grains/ha) with the same planting method. In the second season Mekongga variety produced 8.10 t dry grains/ha followed by Inpari 14 (8.08 t dry grains/ha) applied with the local recommended rate of fertilizer.There was no plant spacing effect on yield in the second season.

Impacts of flash floods on lowland rice fieldsare becoming worsen (increase in areal affected, severity and frequency) from year to year caused significantly decrease in rice yield, rice production and farmers' incomes losses. The objectives of this study are (1) to collect information on the effects of flash floods on rice yield, rice production and farmers' income losses at the present and at the future with and without adaptation measures; (2) to identify required and innovation technology; (3) to set strategies to reduce and to overcome the impacts of flash floods on rice farming. Data and information were collected fromsix rice farmingin West Java and Central Java in 2010. Analyses were also done using a mathematical model, and a dynamic simulation model RENDAMAN.CSM to get information on predicted losses of rice yield, of rice production and of farmers' incomedue to flash flood until year 2020. Floods and submergence during year 2006 to 2010 reduce rice yield in West Java as much as 2.5 ton ha -1 and in Central java as much as 3.0 ton ha -1 . Income losses from rice farming in West Java and Central Java estimated between Rp. 6.5 and Rp. 7.0 millions ha -1 . Rice production losses due to flood varied between 10-46 thousands ton of harvest dry grains, or equal to Rp. 24-112 milyard year -1 . Those losses are predicted continually increasing if there is no adaptation action will be taken; grain losses will reach 12-58 thousands ton harvest dry grains, or equal to Rp. 30-140 milyar inyear 2015. The urgent rehabilitation steps required to overcome the flood impacts are: (1) conservation and rehabilitation of watershed areas intensively from head to tail; (2) improvement of infrastructure: irrigating and drainage canals from head to tail by the central government, including removal mud deposits on the canal floor by the local government; (3) mobilization of local farmers' groups (gotong royong) to keep the canal clean and well functioning with water vegetation removal; (4) reevaluate one year crop rotation, and determine the beginning of the planting season; (5) providing water pumps to remove the excessive flood water from the rice fields or to irrigate rice field during dry period. Innovative technology required for adaptation measures are (1) rice varieties tolerate to submergence for more than 10 days;(2) application of slow release or briquette N fertilizers and the other nutrients at the correct time; (3) preparing good and healthy seedlings for replacing the missing or dead hills due to flooding; (4) rearrange plant spacing or plant population to eliminate crop damage and to fasten recovery after submergence; and (5) requires technology to overcome golden snail and the other pests which become common during and after submergence. Those technologies need improvement on their efficacy from now to face the future worse flood condition. ABSTRAKPengaruh banjir pada lahan padi sawah kian semakin buruk (bertambahnya luas area terdampak, keparahan, dan frekuensinya) dari tahun ke tahun, menyebabkan penurunan secar...

There are many new rice varieties have been produced, introduced and breed at IRRI and the other National Agriculture Research Institutes that are tolerance to submergence condition to anticipate global warming and flash flooding around theworld. Among others are IR64-Sub 1, Suwarna-Sub 1, Inpara-1, Inpara-2, inpara-3 etc. However, those new varieties have not been tested widely yet, and the method of rice cultivation under submergence condition have not been adjusted, including the nutrient management.A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Muara Research Station, Bogor during 2008 dry season. The objectives of this experiment are (1) to study the effects of time of submergence and N application on plant growth and yield of  R64 and IR64-Sub 1 rice varieties; (2) to find the best nutrient management for submergence rice varieties. The experiment was conducted during 2008 dry season at greenhouse, Muara Research station, Bogor. The design of the  experiment was a Completely Randomized Factorial Design with three eplications. Factor 1 is rice variety (IR64 and IR64-Sub 1); Factor 2 is time of submergence (without submergence or control, submergence at vegetative phase (15 to 25 d.a.t), and at generative phase (35 to 45 d.a.t)). Factor 3 is N application, namely (F1) 300 kg Urea/ha 3x applications at 7 d.a.t- 30 d.a.t – 55 d.a.t; (F2) Mudball urea –300 kg Urea/ha applied once at 7 d.a.t. (F3) compost; and (F4) compost and urea; (F5) Urea and silikat.urea-N application at four time 0 d.a.t – 7 d.a.t – 30 d.a.t – 55 d.a.t (factor C). The results of experiments showed that submergence changes rice plant growth pattern (mainly tiller number and plant height), increased dry grain weight of IR64, namely 35.9 g at early vegetatif phase and 29.9 g at late vegetatif phase, while for IR64-Sub 1 32.6 g and 30.3 g at the same respective phase. Mudball urea and silicate application improved plant resistant to submergence and increase rice yield.

Dalam upaya peningkatan produksi padi Nasional secara berkesinambungan diperlukan adanya perbaikan inovasi teknologi budidaya padi yang lebih baik secara berkesinambungan pula, yang merupakan prinsip PTT. Percobaan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan teknologi yang lebih baik dari pada cara budidaya yang sekarang dilakukan petani setempat, seperti varietas yang lebih baik, pemupukan dan jarak tanam yang lebih sesuai agar terjadi peningkatan produktivitas padi. Percobaan dilaksanakan di lahan petani Desa Sukamandi Jaya, Kecamatan Ciasem, Kabupaten Subang Jawa Barat MK tahun 2012 dan MH 2012/2013. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Petak-petak terpisah dengan tiga ulangan. Petak utama pemupukan, yaitu P1-terbaik setempat (urea -300 kg per ha, SP36-50 kg, KCl -50 kg). P2rekomendasi alternatif bedasarkan SIPAPUKDI (Urea =320 kg/ha, SP36= 70 kg/ha, KCl= 130 kg/ha). Urea dan KCl diberikan 3 kali yaitu pada umur 7 hst, 21-25 hst dan 42 hst (menjelang primordia), Anak petak: cara tanam yaitu T1 -Terbaik setempat (Tegel 25 cm x 25 cm) dan T2 -.Jarak tanam lebih rapat (25 cm x 20 cm); Anak-anak petak: varietas unggul baru yaitu V1-var terbaik setempat, (Ciherang), V2-Inpari 14, V3-Inpari 17dan V4-Inpari 6. Ukuran petak percobaan terkecil (anak-anak petak) 8 m x 5 m, dengan jumlah keseluruhan 48 petak. Umur bibit saat tanam 21 hss. Hasil pecobaan menunjukkan bahwa komponen teknologi PTT yang diterapkan pada MK tahun 2012 dapat diperbaiki dengan mengintroduksi cara pemupukan SIPADI dengan dosis K yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan cara pemupukan setempat serta menggunakan varietas Inpari-14. Cara ini menaikkan hasil padi dari 5.5 t/ha (cara sekarang) menjadi 7.6 ton GKP/ha, pada MH tahun 2012/2013.

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a source of anthocyanins as red pigments that is extensively farmed in tropical and subtropical regions, including Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Thailand, Egypt, Mexico, and West India. The roselle plant contains a variety of nutrients, including anthocyanins, organic acids, pectin, etc. Due to the toxicity and combustibility of the solvents, traditional extraction methods for these compounds are restricted. Obtaining pure extracts is typically a lengthy procedure requiring many processes. Supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) extraction as a green technology is rapidly improving and extending its application domains. The advantages of this method are zero waste production, quicker extraction times, and reduced solvent consumption. The ScCO2 extraction of natural pigments has great promise in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and textiles, among other uses. The ScCO2 technique for natural pigments may also be advantageous in a variety of other contexts. Due to their minimal environmental risk, the high-quality red pigments of roselle rich in anthocyanins extracted using ScCO2 extraction have a high sustainability potential. Therefore, the objective of this review is to increase knowledge related to the natural colorant of roselle as a substitute for chemically manufactured colorants using ScCO2 as a green method. This article covers ScCO2 extraction, particularly as it relates to the optimization of pigments that promote health. This article focuses on the high extraction efficiency of ScCO2 extraction. Natural colorants extracted via ScCO2 are regarded as safe compounds, especially for human consumption, such as novel functional food additives and textile and pharmaceutical colors.