Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) is a gram negative bacterium which can infect humans and animals. It's commensal as a normal flora of the nasopharynx and tonsils in cattle, sheep and goats, pneumonic pasteurellosis is one of the most economically important infectious disease in goats worldwide prevalence. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of M. haemolytica by bacteriological and molecular characterization in goats. One hundred nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from apparently healthy field goats, seven lung tissue specimens and five nasal mucus swabs from slaughtered goats in Baghdad. All samples were cultured on Blood and MacConky agars. Biochemical tests and EPI20E kit were used for identification of the suspected colonies. 5 (4.46%) isolates of M. haemolytica were identified phenotypicaly and confirmed diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using two primers 16s rRNA and 12s rRNA genes .The results of this study concluded that identification of M. haemolytica by PCR was in accordance with those of phenotypic tests and it providing the basis for effective preventative strategies through epidemiological studies performance.

This study included the collection of 204 clinical and non-clinical samples from Ibn-Al-Baladi childbirth Hospital, Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital and Imam Ali Hospital in Baghdad, from both genders of different ages. The collected samples were distributed according to the collection source (urine, wounds, burns, feces, Tigris River water in Baghdad and soil samples). A total of isolates of Escherichia coli (48.43 %), 15 isolates Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.43 %), 10 isolates of Enterobacter cloacae (15.62 %) and 8 isolates of proteus mirabilis (12.50 %) were isolated and identified based on microscopic culture, conventional methods, VITEK 2 and molecular identification of 16 SrRNA gene. Our investigations indicated that Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae species represent the most frequent isolates, whereas both Enterobacter cloacae and Proteus mirabilis were the less frequent species. The results of the analysis of the sequencing of selected 21 isolates were deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) belong to the four species (From

Helicobacter pylori colonize the gastric mucosa of more than 60% of the world's human population. This bacterium plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of different diseases of the digestive system, such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric adenocarcinoma. Accurate diagnosis of H. pylori infection is very important in the effective management of many gastroduodenal diseases. There is no gold typical technique that is been well-known for the detection of H. pylori infection. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) for glmM and 16S rRNA genes was established in our study for sensitive detection of H. pylori from gastric biopsies. Different classical detection techniques have been used lately with mPCR like Rapid Urease Test (RUT), histology and antibody (Serology) test. Detection of housekeeping (HK) genes by monoplex and multiplex PCR with different sets of primers for 16S rRNA due to heterogenicity and high variability in this gene. Our results show that a total of 123 (58.5 %) from 210 patients were positive for H. pylori infection. H. pylori were detected in 46.6% (98/210) by RUT, 54.7% (115/210) by histology, 85.7% (180/210 false-positive results were included) by H. pylori IgG, and 57.1% (120/210) through mPCR. By this molecular technique, H. pylori were detected in 100% of biopsies with positive histology and RUT. Our Conclusions prove that the mPCR was able to detect the highest numbers of positive cases although the lowest average scores for inflammation and activity.

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