The Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a phenomenon that affects many millions of people worldwide. The higher temperatures experienced in urban areas compared to the surrounding countryside has enormous consequences for the health and wellbeing of people living in cities. The paper studies the temperature dependence of the surface of the asphalt concrete on the air temperature of Hanoi city with a view to determine the road surface temperature compared to the comfort threshold of Vietnamese people. Research data on microclimate of Hanoi city was taken from hydro-meteorological station in the period 2010yr – 2015yr. The paper selects two most famous methods of calculating the surface temperature of asphalt concrete: The Method of Kovalev Y.N (Russia) and the method of “Superpave” method (USA). This review article outlines the contribution that pavements make to the urban heat island (UHI) effect and analyses localized and citywide mitigation strategies against the UHI. Asphalt concrete is one of the most common pavements surfacing materials and is a significant contributor to the UHI effect. Dense asphalt concrete has low albedo and high volumetric heat capacity, which results in surface temperatures reaching upwards to 60°C on hot summer days. Application of sulfur-extended asphalt concrete with advanced properties instead of asphalt concrete reduces the urban heat island effect and increase the quality and life of roads in Hanoi (Vietnam).

The result of the action of the urban heat island on the layout of the city of Hanoi is considered. It is stated that the formation and development of sustainable urban development creates optimal conditions for the life and work of citizens, is a guarantee of safety and comfortable living, and guards the natural environment. In a scientifi c study, such a remote sensing method was used as a means of analyzing the surface temperature in a city with environmental problems due to the eff ect of the “urban heat island” (UHI. The analysis was performed using satellite images Landsat-5, Landsat-7, Landsat-8. This study confi rmed the existence of the urban heat island eff ect in the center of Hanoi and examined the role of city confi guration on a macro scale. The effi ciency of using green spaces on the roofs of megacities is estimated. It is emphasized that thanks to the transpiration process, green spaces contribute to reducing the negative eff ects of UHI and gas contamination. It is established that the use in the city’s architecture of light surfaces of buildings and planes (roads, sidewalks, platforms) favorably aff ects the mesoclimate, performing the cooling function. At the macro level, the orderly introduction of green spaces in large cities helps to resolve serious environmental problems such as global warming and the greenhouse eff ect.

Introduction. The simulation of urban microclimates, including the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon, has turned all the more important for urban planning. Presently, the analysis of this phenomenon is feasible thanks to high computational power of computers and links between computer modeling instruments and databases that contain information on urban environments. Advanced hardware helps to study characteristics of urban microclimates by analyzing and assessing their exposure to various climatic and anthropogenic urban factors (urban morphology, land use, construction sites, albedo, etc.) Materials and methods. ENVI-met is a software model used to simulate microclimates in urban environments. This software can optimize proportions of buildings and streets, outdoor shading, outdoor space planning, air movement, and use of construction materials in respect of thermal comfort and measures taken to mitigate consequences of urban heat islands within the framework of environmental planning of new districts. The co-authors analyze Ha Dong, a Hanoi district characterized by the high density of high-rise buildings. The co-authors consider the example of this district to study the process of detailed simulation, analysis and assessment of UHI effects. Results. ENVI-met and its simulation capacity is employed to prove that the air temperature in Wang Fu, an urban area, gradually rises from 8 am to 5 pm, when the air temperature reaches its maximal value of 32.28 °C during the period of sixteen hours. UHI intensity was maximal between midnight and 1 am on May 29, 2017, when it reached 2.41 °C. Conclusions. Cities are complex systems exposed to a wide array of interactive factors that influence the urban climate change. The value of R2 equal to 0.94 has proven the reliability of ENVI-met applied to simulate and imitate the climate of Hanoi, which is a hot and damp tropical city.

Introduction. Hanoi is the capital of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Hanoi grows according to the following pattern: its central district has several satellites (5 cities) that are accessible by transport systems such as railways, motorways, waterways, etc. Air quality gets worse due to the growing number of urban residents, their personal vehicles, industrial development and other sources of emissions, and each of these factors has a great impact on human health and the state of the environment. Materials and methods. This study uses PM2.5 data generated by two automatic air monitoring stations located in the northern centre for environmental monitoring of the Environmental Protection Agency of Vietnam and the US Embassy in Vietnam. Methods of statistical assessment and analysis were applied to evaluate the difference in PM2.5 dust concentration at different stages of urban development. Results. The problem of PM2.5 pollution in Vietnam is particularly relevant, because it threatens public health. In residential areas located in urban neighborhoods notorious for heavy traffic and industrial enterprises, pollution levels still exceed admissible QCVN limits. On the contrary, air pollution is lower in suburban residential areas. Conclusions. The paper discusses the consequences of environmental pollution, caused by PM2.5 fine dust as a result of urbanization in Hanoi, and analyses urban planning solutions aimed at pollution reduction.

Annotation. During the course of performance, reliability of a building with internal network located in Western Administrative District of Moscow was examined and estimated. Reliability means probability of no failure in the initial time.