Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience understanding by allowing spatiotemporal control over cell-type specific neurons in neural circuits. However, the sluggish development of noninvasive photon delivery in the brain has limited the clinical application of optogenetics. Focused ultrasound (FUS)-derived mechanoluminescence has emerged as a promising tool for in situ photon emission, but there is not yet a biocompatible liquid-phase mechanoluminescence system for spatiotemporal optogenetics. To achieve noninvasive optogenetics with a high temporal resolution and desirable biocompatibility, we have developed liposome (Lipo@IR780/L012) nanoparticles for FUS-triggered mechanoluminescence in brain photon delivery. Synchronized and stable blue light emission was generated in solution under FUS irradiation due to the cascade reactions in liposomes. In vitro tests revealed that Lipo@IR780/L012 could be triggered by FUS for light emission at different stimulation frequencies, resulting in activation of opsin-expressing spiking HEK cells under the FUS irradiation. In vivo optogenetic stimulation further demonstrated that motor cortex neurons could be noninvasively and reversibly activated under the repetitive FUS irradiation after intravenous injection of lipid nanoparticles to achieve limb movements.

acial aging is a multifactorial process involving different facial tissues: bone, ligaments, muscles, fat, and skin. The onset and the pace of age-related changes of each tissue type or structure vary between different individuals, genders, and ethnic backgrounds. The different facial bones provide the foundation for all overlying structures, and several previous studies have identified the importance of their age-related changes when trying to evaluate and treat the signs of facial aging. 1-13 Pessa, 2 using three-dimensional stereolithography and rapid prototyping, identified a decrease in the glabellar, orbital, maxillary, and pyriform angles in a sample of 12 men (age range, 21 to 68 years). They then formulated the clockwise rotation of the facial skeleton theory (when viewed from the right side).In the following years, several additional investigations were conducted 3-7 that expanded our knowledge of the age-related changes that occur in the facial bones. It was reported that with increasing age, in addition to the changes in facial angles, the pyriform aperture enlarges, the inferior orbital rim descends, and the area of the orbital aperture increases. [3][4][5][6][7] Because these types of analyses are prone to high variability as a result of

We are in the evolution of continuous monitoring of neural activity with non-invasive wearable EEGs. The development of hydrogel electrodes technology is important for home-use systems for long-term EEG monitoring and diagnostics of disease.

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Gene therapy for neurological disorders has attracted significant interest as a way to reverse or stop various disease pathologies. Typical gene therapies involving the central and peripheral nervous system make...