Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminants have toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. Screening bacteria from different sources capable of carrying out the biodegradation of (PAHs) is essential for mapping and mobilization purposes and applying them to polluted hydrocarbon environments. The study aims to compare the capacity of PAH biodegradation by two types of bacteria isolated from different sources. The method applied is the interaction between bacterial suspension and pyrene-contaminated waste for 30 days. Biodegradation products in organic compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analysis results found several indications of the performance of bacterial biodegradation: The capacity of pyrene degradation by Bacillus licheniformis strain ATCC 9789 (Bl) bacteria against pyrene was relatively more dominant than Sphingobacterium sp. strain 21 (Sb) bacteria. The percentage of total bacterial biodegradation for product type Sb was (39.00%), and that of the product of bacterial degradation type Bl (38.29%). The biodegradation products of the test bacteria (Bl and Sb) were relatively similar to pyrene in the form of alcohol and carboxylic acid organic compounds. There was no significant difference in the pyrene biodegradation between Bl and Sb bacteria.

ABSTRAKSerangan Vibriosis, yang disebabkan oleh Vibrio harveyi berpendar pada budidaya udang telah menyebabkan penurunan yang signifikan dalam produksi, baik pada pembenihan maupun di tambak pembesaran. Pengembangan metode deteksi cepat berbasis PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) sangat penting untuk mencegah penularan vibriosis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan metode cepat deteksi vibriosis pada udang penaeid dengan menggunakan penanda molekuler yang spesifik. PCR berbasis deteksi gen spesifik dilakukan menggunakan primer spesifik toxR, haemolysin (vvh), dan gyrB. Dari 35 isolat, 22 isolat yang terdeteksi memiliki gen spesifik toxR, haemolysin (vvh) dan gen gyrB dan 9 isolat terdeteksi memiliki dua gen tertentu. Penanda molekuler spesifik telah dirancang menggunakan data urutan gen penyandi protein haemolysin dan gyrase. Desain pasangan primer yang didasarkan pada program perangkat lunak dari Primer3 dan secara manual menggunakan program perangkat lunak Bioedit. Tiga pasangan primer untuk gen haemolysin dan dua primer gyrase telah diperoleh dan dipilih sebagai primer.

Super intensive wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is needed to manage wastewater from aquaculture activities before being discharged into the waters. This study aims to determine the diversity of bacterial species in the WWTP super intensive vanname shrimp culture plots located in Barru and Takalar Regencies. The research method was designed by using a survey method in the WWTP super-intensive shrimp cultivation plot in Lajange Village, Mallusetasi District, Barru Regency, and Punanga Village, Takalar Regency. Sampling of DNA from water was carried out every two weeks for one culture cycle by filtering water from the WWTP outlet. The samples obtained were then DNA-extracted using cTAB dTAB DNA extraction kit (Iq2000). Quality of the DNA obtained was measured and analyzed using a genquan machine. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) analysis was carried out by sending the DNA samples to a commercial company (Genetics Science laboratory) for the analysis. The results showed that the highest relative diversity of samples from Barru was 60% unidentified, followed by vibrio, unidentified Chloroplast, Arcobacter, Pseudoalteromonas, Marinobacterium, Marivita, Thalassatolea, Phaeodactylibacter, and Thalassalituus. Likewise, the relative diversity of bacteria from Takalary originating from Takalar, the highest was also not identified, followed by Pseudoalteromonas, unidentified_Chloroplast, Vibrio, Marivita, Thalassotalea, Phaedactylibacter, Thalassolituus, Arcobacter, and Tenacibaculum. It appears that the types of bacteria from the two sampling locations are still quite diverse and found probiotic bacteria, Pseudoalteromonas, that are commonly used in the cultivation of vanname shrimp in both WWTP plots.

<p class="BasicParagraph" align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="BasicParagraph"> </p><p class="BasicParagraph">This study was aimed to analyze the sensitivity and ability of primer hemolysin in detecting pathogenetic <em>Vibrio</em> on tiger shrimp post-larvae (PL) exposed under different exposure times in media inoculated with <em>Vibrio harveyi</em>. The PL of tiger shrimp were infected with 10⁶ cfu/mL of <em>V. harveyi</em> by immersion method for three, six, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. The presence of hemolisin genes was detected by PCR techniques. The electrophoresis detected narrow hemolysin genes after PL were exposed for three and six hours. Clear visible bands of DNA <em>Vibrio</em> were observed for 12 hours of exposure. In contrast, no detected hemolysin gene of <em>Vibrio</em> was observed for PL exposed within 24, 48, and 72 hours. The rapid detection on <em>Vibrio</em> pathogenic for tiger shrimp PL should be conducted within three to 12 hours of exposure. No recommendation in utilizing this rapid detection for tiger shrimp PL exposed beyond 12 hours of <em>V. harveyi</em>.</p><p class="BasicParagraph"> </p><p class="BasicParagraph">Keywords: specific primer, luminous <em>Vibrio</em> bacteria, pathogenic, PCR method, hemolysin gene</p><p class="BasicParagraph"> </p><p class="BasicParagraph"> </p><p class="BasicParagraph" align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="BasicParagraph"> </p><p class="BasicParagraph">Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan atau sensitivitas primer hemolisin dalam mendeteksi <em>Vibrio</em> patogen dengan lama pemaparan berbeda. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menginfeksikan <em>Vibrio harveyi</em> pada benur udang dengan metode perendaman pada konsentrasi 10⁶ cfu/mL. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada waktu tiga, enam, 12, 24, 48, dan 72 jam pascainfeksi. Keberadaan gen hemolisin pada bakteri <em>V. harveyi</em> dideteksi menggunakan teknik <em>polymerase chain reaction </em>(PCR). Hasil elektroforesis memperlihatkan bahwa pada pemaparan tiga dan enam jam keberadaan gen hemolisin dari bakteri <em>Vibrio</em> patogen yang diinfeksikan sudah dapat terdeteksi pada benur walaupun masih terlihat tipis. Pada pemaparan 12 jam terlihat sangat jelas pita-pita DNA dari bakteri patogen. Sedangkan pada pemaparan 24, 48, dan 72 jam sudah tidak terdeteksi lagi gen hemolisin dari bakteri <em>Vibrio</em>. Hal ini diduga disebabkan terjadinya penurunan populasi bakteri <em>Vibrio</em> yang hidup dalam tubuh dan media pemeliharaan udang. Pentingnya deteksi cepat diawal udang terinfeksi bakteri (3–12 jam) karena setelah 12 jam infeksi sudah sulit untuk mendeteksi keberadaan bakteri patogen di dalam tubuh udang.</p><p class="BasicParagraph"> </p><p>Kata kunci: primer spesifik, bakteri <em>Vibrio</em> berpendar, patogenik, metode PCR, gen hemolisin</p><p> </p>

This study aimed to examine the effect of different concentrations of mangrove leaf S. alba extract which has been challenged with WSSV on the mortality rate of tiger shrimp P. monodon. The plastic container filled with 30 L sterile seawater salinity 30 ppt stocked with 10 pcs of tiger shrimp 15 g in size. Six concentrations of mangrove extract were tested; A). 0.01%; B). 0.1%; C). 1%; D). 10%; E). 100%. F). control (shrimp injected with WSSV suspension without mangrove extract). Each treatment with three replications. The WSSV suspension was mixed with mangrove extract (from boiling 1 kg of fresh leaves of S. alba in 5 L of water cooked to 2.5 L) according to the treatment with a ratio of 1:2 and incubated at a temperature of 29 oC for 3 hours. Then the mixture is injected into tiger shrimp by intramuscular as much as 100 μL/shrimp. Tiger shrimp mortality was observed daily, while total hemocytes, ProPO, and differential hemocytes were observed at the end of the study. The results showed that on the first day, the mortality of tiger shrimp was highest in treatment E and lowest in treatments A, and F(control). However, from the second day until the seventh day (the end of the study), the mortality of tiger shrimp was highest in treatment A and lowest in treatment C. The results of this study showed that the concentration of extract of S. alba 1% is most effective in inactivating WSSV, therefore tiger shrimp mortality can be reduced.