Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate anatomic and morphologic features of inner and outer retinal layers in patients recovered from COVID-19 with Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT), whether correlate with any symptoms during disease process. Methods 32 patients recovered from COVID-19 and age- and gender-matched 36 healthy controls were included in this cross-sectional study. Ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer, macular and peripapiller retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), outer plexiform layer (OPL) and the outer retinal hyperreflective bands including external limiting membrane (ELM), ellipsoid zone (EZ) and interdigitation zone (IZ) were examined with SD-OCT. The differences of each retinal layers thickness among subgroup analysis of ocular pain and headache were also compared. Results Macular RNFL of inner and outer nasal and outer inferior quadrants were thinner in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy control group ( p = 0.046, p = 0.014 and p = 0.016, respectively). Thinning in outer superior quadrant of GCIPL and INL quadrants were detected in patients with headache ( p = 0.026 and p = 0.01). Superonasal and inferotemporal sectors of pRNFL were thinner in patients with ocular pain compared to patients without ocular pain ( p = 0.024 and p = 0.015). Integrity of EZ, ELM and IZ was evaluated as continuous line and protected on each OCT scans. Conclusion The study demonstrated convincing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can affect the inner and outer retinal layers, with subclinical localized alterations, particularly in patients with headache and ocular pain symptoms during COVID-19 period. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10792-021-01952-5.

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Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is associated with clinically significant cerebral microembolism and cognitive status changes. There are no data on the impact of TAVR on retinal layers. We assessed the influence of TAVR on the retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell complex (GCC), and macular thickness (MT) measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Elderly patients (n = 50) with severe aortic stenosis undergoing TAVR were included in this study (mean age: 78.5 ± 6.9 years). Retinal nerve fiber layer, GCC, and MT were measured with SD-OCT by an ophthalmologist before and on the first day and in the first month after TAVR. The average MT was significantly increased on the first day after TAVR compared with the basal value ( P = .04). Ganglion cell complex thickness was significantly thinner on the first day after TAVR than the basal value in the inner inferior quadrant and outer temporal quadrant of the left eye ( P = .03 and .04, respectively). Postoperative changes observed on the first day compared with the preoperative period returned to basal values in the first month. In conclusion, TAVR did not cause permanent changes in retinal layers.

Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate short-term and long-term effects of coronovirus 19 disease (COVID-19) at inner and outer retinal layers of patients recovered from COVID-19 with Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) and compare these to healthy subjects. Methods Twenty-seven patients recovered from COVID-19, and age- and gender-matched 27 healthy controls were included in this study. Macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) were analyzed with SD-OCT 1 month (V 1 visit) and 12 months (V 2 visit) after negative result of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test. Results Macular RNFL thickness in outer ring was thinner at V 1 and V 2 visits than healthy control ( p = 0.049 and p = 0.005). Central and inferonasal quadrants of peripapillary RNFL thicknesses were reduced at V 1 and V 2 visits compared to controls ( p = 0.001 and p = 0.024 for V 1 visit; p = 0.001 and p = 0.006 for V 2 visit). Thinning in ONL thickness in inner ring was observed at V 1 and V 2 visits than healthy subjects ( p = 0.006 and p = 0.001). Conclusion Subclinical localized changes in macular and peripapillary RNFL and outer nuclear layer were demonstrated in early and 12-months follow-up after COVID-19 recovery.

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