The protective effect of selenium against mercury toxicity is well known especially between selenomethionine and methylmercury and it has been studied in several living organisms, however information is lacking about the interaction of these species in Chlorella. Investigation into which chiral form of selenomethionine effectively acts against the toxic effects of methylmercury has not previously been carried out. In the present work, two control cultures and two cultures of C. sorokiniana were grown in standard medium with D,L-SeMet, L-SeMet or D-SeMet. After the experiment was started up MeHg(+) was added periodically to the cultures containing D,L-SeMet, L-SeMet, D-SeMet and to one of the control batches. The results show that both SeMet enantiomers counteract the toxicity of MeHg(+), by markedly increasing the total content of chlorophyll, carotenoids, as well as the dry weight and light dependent oxygen production, compared to the culture which is non pre-treated with SeMet and is only exposed to MeHg(+). The levels of MeHg(+) measured in cells are lower in the cultures pre-treated with SeMet indicating that the passage of MeHg(+) into the cells is negligible when carried out in the presence of SeMet, or that SeMet enhances the release of MeHg(+). On the other hand, L-SeMet is directly involved in the detoxification of MeHg(+), but the involvement of D-SeMet occurs only indirectly since it has been neither identified in the medium nor in C. sorokiniana after supplementation with this enantiomer. It may be that D-SeMet is transformed into SeMeSec and L-SeMet. Moreover, SeMeSec is almost totally released from the cells after 72 hours. No mercury-selenium complex was detected but, since the summation of the different species identified accounted only for 77% of the total selenium and mercury measured directly after sample digestion, it is possible that they are present in the form of an undetected Se-Hg complex. This hypothesis is supported by the decrease of inorganic selenium during the experiment. The present paper reports new data about the relationship between the mechanism of detoxification of methylmercury and selenomethionine enantiomers through the study of the metabolic intermediates by means of speciation analysis.
The microalga Chlorella sorokiniana has been used to accumulate selenium and iodine from culture media enriched with these elements as a first stage in the production of supplemented foods. The microalgal colony was grown in a conventional culture medium containing iodine (KI) at concentrations in the range of 150–4000 μg mL−1. Similar experiments were performed with selenium (SeO42−) at concentrations in the range of 20–500 μg mL−1. The concentration of iodine and selenium in the culture medium was analytically monitored daily and the viability of the colony was checked by biomass concentration measurement and by evaluation of the total content of chlorophyll and carotenoids. In addition, photosynthetic activity and the number of cells were also monitored. Iodine accumulation in the algal biomass increased rapidly with time and reached a steady state after 4 h of exposure. With Se exposure the colony viability decreased, although the culture grew well with concentrations of the element of 50 μg mL−1 in the culture medium; this experiment produced Se-enrichment in the alga (3 μg g−1) within 100 h. Sequential extraction of an algal pellet was performed in order to separate Se compounds according to their affinity with the following solvents: hot water to recover low molecular mass Se species, enzymatic extraction with driselase for species associated with the cell wall, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) for water insoluble selenoproteins and, finally, enzymolysis with lipase and pronase that release and fragment residual selenoproteinsproducing compounds with low molecular mass. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled with an ICP-MS detector showed the preponderance of Se-containing molecules with low molecular mass, possibly seleno-amino acids. Only a peak of low intensity located at 10 min was observed in the SDS extract that could be associated with a protein with molecular mass of 67 kDa. Finally, analysis of the aqueous extract of alga by reverse-phase chromatography with inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (RPC-ICP-MS) detection revealed the presence of selenocysteine (SeCys2), selenomethylselenocysteine (SeMetSeCys), selenomethionine (SeMet), and Se(VI), particularly the last two species.
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