Tachistoscopic examinations, determinations of reaction times after visual stimuli, and latency measurements of visual evoked potentials require well-defined and often very fast display buildup on the monitor. Display buildup takes at least 14 msec when a VGA board is used in standard video modes. This time can be reduced to 4 msec or less by reprogramming some registers of the display adapter. Precise presentation of visual stimuli is a prerequisite for most psychological and physiological examinations. A precision of 1 msec is required for measuring reaction times, which rarely exceed 1.5 sec (Brysbaert, Bovens, d'Ydewalle, & van Calster, 1989). High precision also appears to be important for determining latencies of visual evoked potentials (VEP) , which may range between 75 msec (VEP) and 1,000 msec (event-related potentials; Stohr, Dichgans, Diener, & Buettner, 1989).
LeitthemaDie steigende Ausstattung von Haushalten und Kinderzimmern mit modernen interaktiven Medienträgern sowie die Verfügbarkeit von mobilen Kommunikationsmitteln haben in den letzten 10 Jahren zu einer deutlichen Veränderung des Medienverhaltens bei Kindern und Jugendlichen geführt. Fernsehen und Videospiele prägen mittlerweile die mediale Wirklichkeit von Kindern bereits ab dem 2. Lebensjahr. Während der schädigende Einfluss sehr frühen Fernsehgebrauchs empirisch belegt ist, fehlen für den sich rasant entwickelnden Bereich der computeranimierten Spiele, insbesondere der Online-Rollenspiele, aussagekräftige empirische Daten. Im klinischen Zusammenhang dagegen bestimmen Patienten mit Medienauffäl-ligkeiten im weitesten Sinne und einzelne schwer Betroffene mit klar diagnostizierbarem pathologischem Internet-bzw. Mediengebrauch das Bild.Weder eine empirisch nicht fundierte Aufregung über eine neue Suchtgefahr noch eine Verharmlosung sind zu befür-worten. Auf dem Boden der bestehenden Klassifikationssysteme und Handlungsansätze sind eine sich weiter entwickelnde Diagnostik und Therapie einzelner Betroffener sowie eine kritische Begleitung des öffentlichen Diskurses angezeigt.
Familientherapie bei Enkopresis
Ingo Spitczok von Brisinski und Fred Lüttger
Summary
Family therapy of EncopresisEncopresis is a taboo symptom, which is connected with great suffering from mental pressure not only for the children concerned, but also their relatives. Family related approaches are indispensable to understand encopresis, because as a result of high symptom persistence and psychological comorbidity in many cases a purely behavior-therapeutic, symptom focused approach is not sufficient, and further psychotherapeutic interventions are necessary. There is a strong temporal correlation between family interaction and frequency of soiling and changes of interaction influence changes in soiling more than the other way round. In a literature review different family relationship patterns and approaches of family therapy are represented regarding encopresis. Meaningful differences for family therapy are represented regarding primary/secondary encopresis, encopresis with/without comorbid psychiatric disorder as well as encopresis with/without dysfunctional family interaction. Distinctions are made between symptom focused, not-symptom focused and combined family therapeutic approaches, which are illustrated with case examples of outpatient and inpatient treatment. Symptom focused family therapy like e.g. externalizing of the soiling is helpful also if no dysfunctional family interaction patterns are present, because all family members can contribute to treatment success according to their own resources.
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