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The paper contains a comparative analysis of approaches to educational activities for specialists, taking into account the accelerating pace of technological development of society. Classic academic approach and training in the process of professional activity are considered. The paper contains the consideration of approaches' history, and their key features in relation to the developed competencies are highlighted. The rationale for the need for psychological research in the period of vocational education in higher educational institutions is given. According to the results of a comparative analysis, it was concluded that it would be expedient to combine approaches in the training of specialists in high-tech industries for the sustainable development of society. It is proposed to use academic education only when teaching general cultural, general professional and basic professional competencies. Training for highly specialized competencies is proposed to be carried out mainly in the process of professional activity. It is assumed that this distribution will lead to the maximization of the effectiveness of the process of training specialists in innovative industries.