The study was carried out at Kiwanja cha Ndege ward in Morogoro Municipality by assessing determinants on the choice of the main source of cooking energy by households. This study employed cross–sectional design and collected quantitative data from primary and secondary sources. A total of 150 respondents were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Primary data were collected from respondents through a structured interview method executed through researcher-administered questionnaires. The study used descriptive statistics, the likelihood ratio Chi-Square test, and binary logistic regression analysis using IBM SPSS statistics version 20 and Stata version 11. The results revealed that a large proportion of households used charcoal (84%), followed by gas (11.3%) as the main source of cooking energy. This information implies that households in urban areas prefer mostly using charcoal for cooking. Furthermore, the results revealed that education level, marital status, and main economic activity were the factors that determine the choice of charcoal as the household's main source of cooking energy. The study recommended that the central government, through the Ministry of Energy in collaboration with local government authorities, should create awareness in society on the importance of using clean cooking fuels and technologies. Also, the government of Tanzania should enhance and promote the use of electrical energy as an alternative source of cooking energy in order to protect plant species that are more objects of wood–charcoal use.

The study assessed the contribution of the bodaboda business to income improvement among riders in Dodoma City Council found in the central part of Tanzania. The focus was to identify the level of income of bodaboda riders after employing themselves in this transport business. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design, and structured questionnaire to interview 73 bodaboda business riders in the study area. Analysis of data was done using Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) software Version 20. A simple descriptive analysis was done to show the characteristics of respondents. Paired Sample T-test was conducted to test whether there was a substantial change in levels of income among riders before and after becoming bodaboda riders. The eta squared statistic indicated a large effect size in the level of income brought about by the bodaboda transport business in the study area, the activity also enabled riders to initiate new income-generating activities and strengthen the already existing ones. The study concludes that bodaboda transport business activity increased significantly the level of income for the riders and helped to reduce unemployment in the study area, especially among youth. The study recommends the City Council of Dodoma to create enabling environment to reduce the negative effects of the bodaboda transport to allow more youth to engage in business as a way to minimize the unemployment rate among them and improve individual as well as the national economy.

The study was conducted in the Wanging’ombe district council in the Njombe region, Southern highlands of Tanzania. The objective of the study was to assess the determinants of women’s control over their earnings. The study employed a cross-section research design. Data were collected from 150 women who engaged in various economic activities. The structured interview method was used to collect data using a structured questionnaire. Data were processed and analysed using IBM SPSS statistics version 20 and Stata version 11. The analysis involved descriptive analysis in exploring the characteristics of women in the study area, a chi-square test for association, and a binary logistic regression to explore the predictors. The results revealed that more than half (54.7%) of women reported that their husbands/partners decide for them on the use of money earned. Three factors, namely ownership of the house, kind of earning activity (source of income), and amounts of money earned per month are predictors of the control over women’s cash earnings in the household. The study concluded that, although husbands have less chance to decide on income earned by women who engage in economic activities other than farming and those who earn a higher income, household resources including women’s earnings are controlled by husbands to a large extent. The local government authorities in Wanging’ombe and non-government organisations interested in women’s empowerment should intensify efforts to address violence against women, especially economic abuse. This will enable women to engage in different economic activities and be employed in informal and formal sectors

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of trade openness and real exchange rate on economic growth in Tanzania. Secondary time series data collected annually for consecutive 47 years since 1970 to 2016 were analyzed. The study used the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) to assess the long-run and short-run effects of trade openness, real exchange rate, and foreign direct investment on Real Gross Domestic Product. The results from analysis reveal the evidence on one hand that trade openness has a positive significant effect on economic growth in both the short and long-run, but real exchange rate and foreign direct investment have a positive significant effect in the long run on the other. As it was estimated that with trade openness more trade is developed in terms of exports and imports which in turn boosts the economy. The study recommends that, there is the need for country to support the domestic industrial development to produce more goods and services.