Primary caregivers need to be financially supported by the relevant organizations. Care skills training and providing palliative care seem helpful in reducing the pain and the burden of family caregivers for patients with breast cancer.

BackgroundColorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in Iran. The increasing trend of colorectal cancer incidence in Iran and the close relationship with the geographical location are the underlying reasons for this study.MethodsData source: Eleven databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and four other databases, for articles in Persian were searched from April 2014 to October 2014. Additional data were obtained from an online survey of the Central Library of Tabriz Faculty of Medicine. Study eligibility criteria: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we included studies reporting different measures of incidence, age-standardized incidence rates, and crude incidence rates. All rates (per 100,000 person-years) were standardized to the world standard population. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: A preliminary review of the title and abstracts of these articles was used to exclude any that were clearly irrelevant. The full text review determined whether the article was relevant to our topic. All the potentially relevant manuscripts were reviewed by two other investigators (S.D., M.G.). A total of 39 studies (10 Persian and 29 English articles) from different provinces and diverse areas of Iran, were analyzed in this study using comprehensive meta-analysis software. For accuracy studies, we used estimated rates for males and females with 95 % confidence intervals.ResultsAge-standardized incidence rates were obtained based on the random effects model and were 8.16 (95 % CI: 6.64 to 9.68) and 6.17 (95 % CI: 5.01 to 7.32) for males and females, respectively. The random crude rates were 5.58 (95 % CI: 4.22 to 6.94) for males and 4.01 (95 % CI: 3.06 to 4.97) for females.ConclusionsColorectal cancer incidence rates rise due to individual and environmental risk factors as well as improvement in the registry system and increase in access to health services. A more executed organized and structured system for collecting cancer data, in all cities and rural areas of the country, is an essential priority.

Purpose. The increasing incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the past three decades in Iran has made it a major public health burden. This study aimed to report its epidemiologic features, molecular genetic aspects, survival, heredity, and screening pattern in Iran. Methods. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify the relevant published articles. We used medical subject headings, including colorectal cancer, molecular genetics, KRAS and BRAF mutations, screening, survival, epidemiologic study, and Iran. Results. Age standardized incidence rate of Iranian CRCs was 11.6 and 10.5 for men and women, respectively. Overall five-year survival rate was 41%, and the proportion of CRC among the younger age group was higher than that of western countries. Depending on ethnicity, geographical region, dietary, and genetic predisposition, mutation genes were considerably diverse and distinct among CRCs across Iran. The high occurrence of CRC in records of relatives of CRC patients showed that family history of CRC was more common among young CRCs. Conclusion. Appropriate screening strategies for CRC which is amenable to early detection through screening, especially in relatives of CRCs, should be considered as the first step in CRC screening programs.

Purpose. The increasing incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the past three decades in Iran has made it a major public health burden. This study aimed to report its epidemiologic features, molecular genetic aspects, survival, heredity, and screening pattern in Iran. Methods. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify the relevant published articles. We used medical subject headings, including colorectal cancer, molecular genetics, KRAS and BRAF mutations, screening, survival, epidemiologic study, and Iran. Results. Age standardized incidence rate of Iranian CRCs was 11.6 and 10.5 for men and women, respectively. Overall five-year survival rate was 41%, and the proportion of CRC among the younger age group was higher than that of western countries. Depending on ethnicity, geographical region, dietary, and genetic predisposition, mutation genes were considerably diverse and distinct among CRCs across Iran. The high occurrence of CRC in records of relatives of CRC patients showed that family history of CRC was more common among young CRCs. Conclusion. Appropriate screening strategies for CRC which is amenable to early detection through screening, especially in relatives of CRCs, should be considered as the first step in CRC screening programs.

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women and is the second most common cause of fatality in patients with cancer in the world. Cell proliferation plays an important role in the clinical behavior of invasive BC. We aimed to assess the status of Ki-67 in patients with primary breast cancer and evaluate the association of this tumor marker with other clinico-pathologic and prognostic factors. Methods: The current study recruited 220 patients with primary BC admitted to the oncology clinic of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. We evaluated Ki-67 IHC slides and reported the Ki-67 status and its relationship with other prognostic factors in breast cancer patients. Among 220 patients, 63.3% developed grade 2 tumors, and 63.8% were younger than 50-year-olds. 117 cases (53%) were Ki-67 positive with more than 1% tumor nuclei stained, and 53 cases (24%) had tumors with more than 15% of Ki-67 expression. Results: There was no correlation between Ki-67 and patient's age (Spearman rho = 0.375, tau Kendall = 0.374), tumor size (Spearman rho = 0.558, tau Kendall = 0.548) and grade (Spearman rho = 0.570, tau Kendall = 0.568), however, there was a marginally significant relationship between lymph node status and Ki-67 expression (Spearman rho = 0.077, tau Kendall = 0.079). Based on the Mann -Whitney test, there was a significant correlation between the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) with Ki-67. Conclusion: A reliable estimation of different prognostic factors in BC patients is required for the selection of an optimal therapeutic strategy. The attention has been focused on the markers of tumor biology.