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This paper identifies a hemorrhagic syndrome-like disease in calves with bovine viral diarrhea and mucosal disease complex in Turkey.

Bovine torovirus (BToV), a member of the family Coronaviridae, is an established gastrointestinal infectious agent in cattle. In this study, we performed a survey to detect BToV in Turkey between 2009 and 2011 using 235 fecal samples from neonatal calves with diarrhea that were analyzed by the nested reverse transcription (RT) PCR method using primers located in the consensus sequences of the BToV membrane (M) gene. The BToV M gene was detected in 4.7 % (11/235) of the samples using the nested RT-PCR method. The nucleotide sequences of partial M fragments from the BToV isolates, including the newly identified Turkish isolates, showed more than 96 % identity. The result indicates that BToV is one of the pathogens that contribute to neonatal calf diarrhea cases in Turkey.

Purpose: The study aimed to determine effects of FSH applications on follicle survival, development and hormone output and antigenicity of rat ovarian tissue autografts placed at subcutaneous or subperitoneal sites.Methods: A total of sixteen female rats were used in the study. The animals were divided into three groups. Ovaries were dissected and then transplanted under the peritoneum in the first group animals (n = 5) or under the skin in the second group animals (n = 6). And the animals in the third group (n = 5) were sham operated. Following operations, intramuscular injection of 8 IU of rhFSH were made daily to the animals in first and second groups from the first day of operation through thirty days. Vaginal irrigation samples were prepared daily from the animals for 30 days. The concentrations of serum estradiol and antiovarian antibodies in the blood were determined using ELISA on the last day Results: Results showed that cyclic variations were noticed in the samples of vaginal irrigation by day 30 in the animals of first and second groups. However, no significant differences were seen between groups. The concentration of blood serum estradiol was higher in the animals of first group. Decrease in numbers of primary follicles were found in the animals of second group and lesser corpus luteum were found in the animals of control group on the histopathological examinations of transplanted ovaries. All rats in the first and second groups were defined as seropositive for antiovarian antibodies. When the OD values were compared between first and second groups, it was identified that the OD values of rats in the first group was higher than it was seen in the second group.Conclusion: The ovarian transplantation without vascular pedicle in rats is characterized by follicular hyperplasia endocrinologically functional. Being seropositive of all rats in first and second groups in terms of antiovarian antibodies is an indicator to these antibodies does not affect the functions of transplanted ovaries. It is believed that the highness of OD values in the group which is transplanted beneath the peritoneum is based on the highness of estradiol concentrations in these animals.

Introduction The bovine norovirus (BNoV) belongs to the genus Norovirus of family Caliciviridae. Caliciviruses are small, nonenveloped viruses of approximately 27-35 nm in diameter, with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome (1-3). In gnotobiotic calves, BNoV induces nonhemorrhagic enteritis, mild diarrhea, transient anorexia, and malabsorption (4,5). The first bovine enteric noroviruses were described in 1978 in Great Britain and are known as Newbury Agent 2 (6). Several studies indicated that RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and capsid genes can be used in the detection and classification of noroviruses; regarding this, RdRp regions are taken into consideration more often for the same purposes with their highly conserved utilities. Complete sequencing of the RNA-dependent RdRp and capsid genes has allowed the classification of noroviruses into five genogroups (G), and BNoVs fall into GIII (1,4,7,8). The first detection of BNoV in Turkey was reported in 2011 (9). It is a field of interest to study human noroviruses; although there is a widespread occurrence of divergent human norovirus strains, there are only a few reports of the prevalence and genetic diversity of BNoVs (10,11). The current study aimed to examine the prevalence and genetic diversity of BNoVs in diarrheic calves in Turkey. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Specimen collection A total of 235 diarrheic fecal specimens were collected from calf herds with diarrhea from 28 provinces of Turkey between 2009 and 2011. Figure 1 indicates the location of samples. 2.2. RNA extraction The fecal samples were diluted in 10× volumes of phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.5) and centrifuged at 1000 × g for 1 min at room temperature. The supernatant was transferred to a new tube and a second centrifugation was conducted at 8000 × g for 5 min at room temperature. RNA was extracted from the supernatant using an RNeasy Kit (QIAGEN GmbH, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. For each extraction period, ddH 2 O was used as a negative control. 2.3. RT-PCR A previously described nested RT-PCR for BNoV detection was used with the primers (Table 1) targeting the BNoV RdRp gene. A One-Step RT-PCR Kit (QIAGEN) was used according to the manufacturer's instructions for the first step. The mixture for RT-PCR was incubated at 42 °C for 60 min; preheated at 94 °C for 5 min; subjected to 35 cycles of 1 min at 94 °C, 1 min at 54 °C, and 2 min at 72 °C; and finally incubated for 7 min at 72 °C. A Taq PCR Master Mix Kit (QIAGEN) was used according to the manufacturer's