We present an in situ triple coupling of synchrotron X-ray diffraction with Raman spectroscopy, and thermography to study milling reactions in real time.T his combination of methods allows ac orrelation of the structural evolution with temperature information. The temperature information is crucial for understanding both the thermodynamics and reaction kinetics.T he reaction mechanisms of three prototypical mechanochemical syntheses,acocrystal formation, aC À C bond formation (Knoevenagel condensation), and the formation of am anganese-phosphonate,w ere elucidated. Trends in the temperature development during milling are identified. The heat of reaction and latent heat of crystallization of the product contribute to the overall temperature increase.Adecrease in temperature occurs via release of,f or example,w ater as ab yproduct. Solid and liquid intermediates are detected. The influence of the mechanical impact could be separated from temperature effects caused by the reaction.

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A total of 879 Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates from 17 medical institutions in different regions of Russia were tested. Susceptibility to 18 antimicrobials was determined by agar dilution in accordance with the NCCLS recommendations. The most potent antimicrobials were glycopeptides, linezolid, and fusidic acid, to which no resistance was found. Other antimicrobials with low frequency of non-susceptibility were mupirocin (0.3%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (0.8%), quinupristin/dalfopristin (1.8%) and rifampicin (7.0%). Fluoroquinolones displayed moderate activity (5.8% of non-susceptible strains to moxifloxacin, 9.1% to levofloxacin, 13.1% to ciprofloxacin). High rates of non-susceptibility were found to clindamycin (27.1%), gentamicin (30.7%), tetracycline (37.1%), erythromycin (39.6%) and chloramphenicol (43.1%). The prevalence of oxacillin-resistant S. aureus (ORSA) was 33.5% and varied from 0% to 89.5% in different hospitals. ORSA were isolated most frequently in the burn units (77.5%), intensive care units (54.8%), trauma and orthopedics units (42.1%). This is the first multicenter study published of antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus in Russia which meets international standards.

Two divalent manganese aminophosphonates, manganese mono(nitrilotrimethylphosphonate) (MnNP3) and manganese bis(N-(carboxymethyl)iminodi(methylphoshonate)) (Mn(NP2AH)2), have been prepared by mechanochemical synthesis and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The structure of the novel compound Mn(NP2AH)2 was determined from PXRD data. MnNP3 as well as Mn(NP2AH)2 exhibit a chain-like structure. In both cases, the manganese atom is coordinated by six oxygen atoms in a distorted octahedron. The local coordination around Mn was further characterized by Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS). The synthesis process was followed in situ by synchrotron X-ray diffraction revealing a three-step reaction mechanism. The as-prepared manganese(II) phosphonates were calcined on air. All samples were successfully tested for their suitability as catalyst material in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER).