The article examines the formation of the Chipko environmental movement, whose activity in 1980 led to the suspension of long-term deforestation in northern India. The historical connection of Chipko with the campaigns of forest satyagraha, which were widespread in northern India during the struggle for independence, is examined. It is shown what role such Gandhian leaders as Mira Behn and Sarala Behn played in transforming the goals of satyagraha. Attention is drawn to the role of such a women's organization as Sarvodaya Mandal, which has become Chipko's organizational basis. The important organizational and philosophical role of such an environmental movement leader as Sunderlal Bahuguna, who became Chipko's true soul, is shown. The role of Vandana Shiva, which is not only a researcher of the Chipko movement, but is also a leading environmental theorist and practitioner of modern India, is examined.

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Sanitary reforms in China began in parts of the country where European influence was strong. The British colony of Hong Kong was at the forefront of sanitary reforms, where the population naturally had to adapt to the difficult conditions of the climate, the burden of infectious diseases and constant overcrowding. By the early 1880s, the colony's growing Chinese population and disorderly housing development raised serious concerns among the European community that the presence of the Chinese posed a tangible threat to the health and well-being of Europeans in this part of East Asia. This sentiment prompted a series of sanitary reforms, catalyzed by the reports of colonial engineer Osbert Chadwick, a staunch advocate of sanitation and equal access to modern sanitary infrastructure. His reports of 1882 and 1902 set the course of sanitary reform in Hong Kong for the long term. They were also a response to the Hong Kong Chinese community's request for universal access to adequate methods of rainwater and domestic sewage disposal, as well as access to a more equitable water supply. Like all fast-growing global cities, Hong Kong's continued development was impossible without an extensive sanitation transformation program. It was advocated not only by the most far-sighted members of the colonial administration, but also by much of the colony's Chinese population.

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