This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents. The research described in this report was prepared for the United States Navy. The research was conducted in the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Department of the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community under Contract DASW01-01-C-0004. Limited Electronic Distribution Rights Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataArena, Mark V. Why has the cost of Navy ships risen? : a macroscopic examination of the trends in U.S. Naval ship costs over the past several decades / Mark V. Arena, Irv Blickstein, [et al.] PrefaceRecent testimony by Admiral Vernon Clark, former Chief of Naval Operations, indicated that ship costs have increased at a rate far greater than inflation. As a result, it is becoming more difficult for the Navy to afford the ships it needs in the fleet. To better understand the source of these cost increases, the RAND Corporation was asked to quantify the causes of the cost growth and suggest options to reduce it. This report documents that effort. This report should be of interest to the Navy and the Office of the Secretary of Defense, as well as congressional planners involved in ship acquisition.

This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest.RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2356Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication.ISBN: 978-1-9774-0005-5 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2018 RAND CorporationR® is a registered trademark.iii PrefaceThis report documents the RAND Corporation's assessment of the prevalence and impact of bid protests on U.S. Department of Defense acquisitions. It is the product of a study on this issue that Congress called for in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017. 1 The findings are intended to inform Congress and U.S. defense leaders about the effectiveness of current procurement policies and processes to reduce bid protests. It assumes that the reader has some basic knowledge of the federal bid protest system and venues for filing protests.RAND assembled and analyzed available data on bid protests and sought to address the study elements specified in Section 885 of the legislation. The analysis built on prior RAND research that assessed trends in U.S. Air Force bid protests, analyzed two high-profile bid protests (the Combat Search and Rescue Helicopter and Aerial Refueling Tanker Aircraft programs) for lessons learned, and recommended changes to Air Force acquisition tactics to counter bid protests in the future. 2 In addition, for the current study, the RAND research team reviewed and summarized studies and analyses conducted by the U.S. Government Accountability Office, the Congressional Research Service, and other organizations on the prevalence and impact of bid protests.This report was delivered to Congress on December 21, 2017. It has since been professionally typeset and proofread.This research was sponsored by the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, Defense Procurement and Acquisition Policy, and conducted within the Acquisition and Technology Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and developm...

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Limited Print and Electronic Distribution RightsThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest.RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/TL224Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication.ISBN: 978-0-8330-9614-2 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2016 RAND CorporationR® is a registered trademark. Cover photo by Ellepistock/iStock.iii PrefaceThe Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution (PPBE) process used by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) is time-tested and effective, but it is also complex and challenging for new personnel. Furthermore, the process changes in detail relatively frequently, which means that the contextual materials and instruction provided to new action officers become quickly out of date unless they remain at fairly high levels of abstraction. This guidebook responds to a request from the U.S. Navy to produce a reference guide that documents key but enduring aspects of how the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations implements the PPBE process so that action officers, as well as flag officers and senior executives, can successfully navigate and effectively contribute to the process. This guide particularly emphasizes the planning and programming phases because these usually involve the greatest levels of effort and uncertainty, and because they are central to the principal annual deliverable-a coherent, balanced Program Objective Memorandum (POM) in alignment with leadership's guidance. As this report was being prepared for publication, the RAND research team became aware that the Navy is planning some changes to its POM process. This guide is accurate as of December 2015.The guidebook is aimed at action officers, branch heads, newly assigned flag officers and executives in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, and outside stakeholder organizations with an interest in the PPBE process and how the Navy executes it.This research was sponsored by the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Programming Division (N80) and was co...

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