RESUMO:O trabalho teve como objetivo de avaliar o efeito de quatro sistemas de uso da terra: dois sistemas agroflorestais (sistema silviagrícola e sistema silvipastoril), pastagem solteira de Urochloa decumbens e mata nativa, sobre as características físicas do solo, em São Carlos, SP. Foram analisadas a densidade de solo, macroporosidade, microporosidade e porosidade total, e a estabilidade de agregados, nas camadas de 0-0,05, 0,05-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m, no ano de 2015. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste F e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Foi aplicada a análise multivariada utilizando o método de Ward e a distância Euclideana com variáveis padronizadas. Constatou-se que o solo sob mata nativa apresenta melhores condições físicas que as áreas com as demais formas de uso da terra. As características físicas do solo nos sistemas agroflorestais não variaram em função da distância da faixa de árvores. A pastagem solteira apresentou compactação do solo na camada de 0-0,40 m. Considerando o conjunto de variáveis estudadas, foi possível separar três grupos, por similaridade do conjunto de atributos físicos do solo: (1) mata, (2) sistema silviagrícola e (3) aquele formado pela pastagem solteira e pelo sistema silvipastoril.Palavras-chave: porosidade do solo; sistema silviagrícola; sistema silvipastoril. Physical soil attributes in four land use systems at São Carlos County, São Paulo State, BrazilABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of four land use systems: two agroforestry systems (agrisilviculture and silvopastoral system), single pasture of Urochloa decumbens and native forest, on the physical characteristics of the soil, in São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Soil density, macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity, and the stability of aggregates, in the layers of 0-0.05, 0.05-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m, we were analyzed in the year 2015. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four replications. The data were submitted to the F test and the means were compared by the Tukey test. The multivariate analysis was applied using the Ward method and the Euclidean distance with standardized variables. It was verified that the soil under native forest presents better physical conditions than the areas with other forms of land use. The physical characteristics of the soil in the agroforestry systems did not vary according to the distance of the trees. The conventional pasture presented soil compaction in the 0-0.40 m layer. Considering the set of variables studied, it was possible to separate three groups, by similarity of the set of physical attributes of the soil: (1) secondary native forest, (2) agrisilviculture and (3) that formed by conventional pasture and silvopastoral system.
O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes coberturas, cultivadas em rotação com soja e milho, sobre os atributos físicos de dois Latossolos. Os experimentos foram instalados em Votuporanga, SP e Selvíria, MS, em março de 2008, após o preparo convencional do solo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, utilizando as seguintes plantas de cobertura em diferentes quantidades de sementes ha-1 : Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum americanum, S. sudanense, híbrido de S. bicolor com S. sudanense, Urochloa ruziziensis e um tratamento controle com vegetação espontânea. Avaliou-se a produtividade de matéria seca das diferentes coberturas, e a macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total e densidade do solo nas camadas de 0-0,05, 0,05-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m. As diferentes plantas de coberturas e as quantidades de sementes utilizadas para grãos, sementes e forragens após dois anos não causaram efeitos em alguns atributos físicos dos dois Latossolos estudados. Palavras-chave: densidade do solo, manejo sustentável do solo, porosidade do solo Physical changes in Oxisols cultivated with cover crops in rotation with soybean and corn
To address the problems of soil acidity (pH values below 4.4) in surface and subsurface soil layers and improve soil chemical fertility, this study evaluated three methodologies for surface application of limestone (LS) (ensuring that calcium (Ca)2+ occupied 70%, 60% or 50% of cation exchange capacity (CEC) at a depth of 0.0–0.2 m) and gypsum (GP, phosphogypsum) (ensuring that Ca2+ occupied 60%, 50% or 40% of effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) at a depth of 0.2–0.4 m). LS and GP were applied in a conventional pasture system (CPS), no-till system (NTS), and agropastoral system (APS) in an Arenic Hapludult in Brazil. Surface application of LS and GP using these three methodologies corrected surface and subsurface acidity and improved soil chemical fertility. Specifically, Ca2+ content increased in the CPS, NTS, and APS at a depth of 0.0–0.2 m and in the CPS and APS at a depth of 0.2–0.4 m; sulfur (S)-SO42− content and Ca2+/ECEC increased in the CPS, NTS, and APS at a depth of 0.2–0.4 m; base saturation (BS) increased and aluminum (Al)3+ content decreased in the NTS and APS at depths of 0.0–0.2 m and 0.2–0.4 m; and pH, magnesium (Mg)2+ content, CEC, Ca2+/CEC, and Mg2+/CEC increased and total acidity decreased in the NTS and APS at a depth of 0.0–0.2 m.
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