The biodegradable plastics have been synthesized from janeng starch with the addition of ZnO and Glycerol as plasticizers. The process has used ZnO with variation of concentration by 1%, 3% 6%, then Glycerol with volume 1 ml, 3 ml, and 6 ml. The utilization of 6% ZnO and 3 ml of glycerol showed the highest tensile strength of 2.8 kgf/cm 2 ; conversely, the highest percent elongation was obtained at 1% ZnO with addition 6 ml glycerol to be 4.5%. The lowest water absorption was captured in the composition of 6% ZnO with the addition of 1 ml of glycerol, which was equal to 2.9%, and the decomposition process occurred for 27 to 36 days.

The synthesis of biodegradable plastic film was carried out by using sago starch as main raw material, water as solvent, glycerol and sorbitol as plasticizer. Sago was selected as raw material for plastics not only because it’s cheap and easy to obtain, but also the utilization of sago is still very minimal. The research aimed to make the environmental friendly plastic, and to be better than the conventional ones. Parameters plasticizer of the research were glycerol and sorbitol by 7%, 8% and 9% weight of total mass, and the weight ratio of sago starch and water were 1:5, 1:7 and 1:9. The characteristics of plastic film that tested were the test mechanical of characteristic (tensile and elongation) by electronic system Universal Testing Machines, the water adsorption test in accordance with put the film in water for 24 hours, and biodegradability test by buring in the ground. The results showed that the highest tensile strength was 0.363 kgf/cm2 from concentration of sorbitol 7% and ratio of sago starch and water 1:5. The other way, the highest elongation percent result obtained was 125% from concentration of glycerol 9% with ratio of sago starch and water 1:9. The lowest water adsorption test obtained was 11,11% from concentration 7% glycerol with ratio of sago starch and water 1:7 and the degradable process was performed in 9-12 days.

Problem statement: Wastewater problems continue to be a relevant issue, particularly in urban areas. One promising low-cost material for manufacturing porous ceramics as water filter is clay. Clays can be blended with other materials such as polymers to obtain functional ceramic materials. Approach: Ceramic wastewater filters were fabricated from clay using both sol-gel and simple mixing methods followed by hot-pressing and calcination. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) was used as a poreforming agent. Results: Varying the clay:PEG ratio modified the membrane permeability between 1.65×10 −16 m 2 and 3.16×10 −15 m 2 for the sol-gel membranes and between 1.38×10 −16 and 8.72×10−13 m 2 for membranes prepared by simple mixing. The strength ranged from 0.28 MPa-1.71 MPa for the sol-gel membranes and from 0.05-0.90 MPa for samples prepared by simple mixing. The filtration performance was tested using aqueous solutions of Methylene Blue (MB). The concentrations of MB remaining in the solution varied from 0.98-1.44% for sol-gel filters and from 1.50-38.05% for filters prepared by simple mixing. Conclusion: We succeeded in making ceramic as filter from clay. The porous ceramic can be used to reducing concentration of pollutant simulated. The model introduced has succeeded to explain the experimental observations with percolation approximation.

The manufacture of biodegradable plastic film has been carried out using starch janeng which functions as the main raw material, water that functions as a solvent, and serbitol which functions as a plasticizer. Janeng is chosen as a raw material for making plastic because in addition to being easy to obtain and low in price, its use is still very minimal when compared to other plants which are the staple food of the community, such as rice, corn, potatoes, wheat, and so on. This study aims to make plastic that can reduce the environmental impact by looking at the influence of the plasticizer used on the mechanical properties of the film, the absorption capacity of water, and the decomposition rate of the plastic.Theplasticizerusedissorbitolwith a weight concentration of 1 ml, 3 ml, and 6 ml of the total weight, and the weight ratio of sago starch and water is 1 g, 3 g, and 6 g. Testing of mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation) using Universal Testing Machines Electronic System, testing water absorption is done by immersing the film in water for 24 hours, and decomposition rate testing is done by burying the film into the ground. The results showed that the highest tensile strength values were obtained at a concentration of 3 ml of serbitol with a weight ratio of 3 g of starch with a yield of 3.2 kgf/cm 2, whereas the highest percentage of elongation was obtained at a concentration of 6 ml of serbitolwith a ratio of weight of 1 g of starch to yield 3, 9%. The lowest water absorption was obtained in the composition of 1 ml of serbitol with a weight ratio of 1 gram of starch, which was 2.7%, and the decomposition process occurred for 27 to 33 days.

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