<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong><strong> </strong><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Pendahuluan</strong><strong>: </strong>Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian pada balita. Status gizi dapat mempengaruhi kejadian ISPA. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara status gizi dengan angka kejadian ISPA pada balita usia 1-5 Tahun di Surakarta. Pada penelitian ini, peneliti akan meneliti hubungan antara status gizi buruk, kurang, baik, lebih, dan obesitas terhadap angka kejadian ISPA.</p><p><strong>Metode</strong><strong>:</strong><strong> </strong>Penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain studi <em>case control</em> dilakukan pada 9 September 2019 sampai 15 Oktober 2019 di RSUD Dr. Moewardi dan puskesmas di Surakarta. Subjek penelitian adalah anak berusia 1–5 tahun dengan diagnosis ISPA dan non ISPA, masing-masing sebanyak 120 sampel. Pemilihan puskesmas dilakukan dengan metode <em>stratified random sampling</em>. Data anak diambil dengan metode <em>consecutive sampling</em>. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengolah data rekam medis dan melakukan klasifikasi status gizi dengan tabel <em>Z-score</em> WHO. Data kemudian dianalisis menggunakan uji <em>Chi Square</em> dan <em>Odds Ratio</em> (OR).</p><p><strong>Hasil</strong><strong>:</strong><strong> </strong>Terdapat hubungan antara status gizi buruk (OR = 8,63; CI 95% = 1,875–39,714), status gizi kurang (OR = 3,776; CI 95% = 1,586–8,988), dan obesitas (OR = 0,154; CI 95% = 0,032–0,736) dengan angka kejadian ISPA. Sementara, tidak terdapat hubungan antara status gizi lebih (p=0,402) dengan angka kejadian ISPA.</p><p><strong>Kesimpulan</strong><strong>: </strong>Terdapat hubungan antara status gizi buruk, kurang, dan obesitas dengan angka kejadian ISPA pada balita di Surakarta. Namun, tidak terdapat hubungan antara status gizi lebih dengan angka kejadian ISPA pada balita di Surakarta.</p><p align="center"><strong> </strong><strong>ABSTRACT</strong><strong></strong></p><p><strong><em>Introduction</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><em>Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of the causes of death in toddler. Nutritional status can affect the incidence of ARI. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of ARI in toddler aged 1-5 years old in Surakarta. In this study, researcher will examine the relationship between poor nutritional status, malnutrition, good nutritional status, overweight, and obesity on the incidence of ARI.</em></p><p><strong><em>Methods</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><em>An observational analytic approach with a case-control study design was conducted on 9 September 2019 to 15 October 2019 in RSUD Dr. Moewardi and community health centre in Surakarta. Subjects were children aged 1-5 years old who were diagnosed with ARI and non-ARI, each as many as 120 samples. The community health center was selected by using the stratified random sampling method. Children's data was taken by consecutive sampling method. The study was conducted by processing medical record data and classifying nutritional status with the WHO Z-score table. Data were then analyzed using the Chi Square test and Odds Ratio (OR).</em></p><p><strong><em>Result</em></strong><strong><em>s: </em></strong><em>There is a relationship between poor nutritional status (p = 0.001; OR = 8.63; 95% CI = 1.875–39.714), malnutrition (p = 0.002; OR = 3.776; 95% CI = 1.586– 8,988), and obesity (p = 0.019; OR = 0.154; 95% CI = 0.032-0.736) with the incidence of ARI. Meanwhile, there was no relationship between overweight (p = 0.402; OR = 0.417; 95% CI = 0.097–1.8) and the incidence of ARI.</em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong><strong><em>: </em></strong><em>There is a relationship between poor nutritional status, malnutrition, and obesity with the incidence of ARI in toddler in Surakarta, and there is no relationship between overweight with the incidence of ARI in toddler in Surakarta.</em></p>

Background: Asthma causes changes in the airway structure called airway remodeling due to chronic inflammatory reactions. Transforming Growth Factor-? (TGF-?) is one of the inflammatory mediators which has a significant role in the remodeling and inflammatory process. One of the medicinal plants known to have anti-inflammatory potential is Kaempferia galanga L. This study aims to analyze the effect of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome on the expression of TGF-? and fibrosis in the bronchial mucosa of asthmatic rat models.Methods: We conducted an experimental laboratory study using the posttest only control group design. Thirty-six Wistar male white rats were allocated into six groups, NC (negative control), PC (positive control), T1 (treatment group), T2 (treatment group), T3 (treatment group), and T4 (treatment group) receiving 1% ovalbumin in alum (OVA); 1% OVA as well as 1 mg/kg steroid; 1% OVA, 1 mg/kg steroid, and 200 mg/kg ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome (KG-EPMC); 1% OVA, 1 mg/kg steroid, and 400 mg/kg KG-EPMC; 1% OVA and 200 mg/kg KG-EPMC; and 1% OVA as well as 400 mg/kg KG-EPMC, respectively. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 22.0 for Windows.Results: The expressions of TGF-? and fibrosis were significantly lower in positive control as well as treatment groups than those of the negative control group (only receiving OVA) (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between positive control and treatment groups regarding TGF-? level and fibrosis (p>0.005).Conclusion: Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome exhibits antiasthma effect by reducing the expression of TGF-? and fibrosis in the bronchial mucosa of an asthmatic rat model. Hence, it can be a potential therapy for asthma.

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Latar belakang. Obesitas saat ini menjadi tantangan utama bagi tenaga kesehatan. Prevalensi anak dan remaja dengan obesitas semakin meningkat. Keadaan obesitas berpengaruh pada beberapa parameter fisiologi sistem pernapasan. Salah satu indikator penilaian status respirasi dengan menggunakan nilai arus puncak ekspirasi. Penelitian tentang obesitas dan sistem pernapasan pada anak masih kontroversial. Tujuan. Untuk mengetahui hubungan parameter antropometri dengan nilai arus puncak ekspirasi pada remaja.Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan menggunakan studi potong lintang. Subjek penelitian merupakan siswa SMP usia 13 tahun sampai 18 tahun diambil mulai bulan September - Desember 2018. Pengambilan subyek penelitian dengan simple random sampling. Variabel bebas adalah antropometri meliputi berat badan, tinggi badan, indeks masa tubuh serta lingkar pinggang sedangkan variabel terikat adalah nilai arus puncak ekspirasi. Hasil. Subyek penelitian berjumlah 134 siswa dengan laki-laki 57 (42,5%) dan perempuan 77 (52,5%). Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan berat badan, tinggi badan, indeks masa tubuh dan lingkar pinggang berhubungan signifikan secara statistik dengan nilai p, yaitu 0,040; <0,001; <0,001; <0,001. Dari analisis multivariat diketahui berat badan, tinggi badan, umur, lingkar pinggang dan IMT secara bersama-sama berpengaruh dengan nilai arus puncak ekspirasi (r2=0,370; p<0,001)Kesimpulan. Semakin tinggi nilai antropometri (berat badan, indeks masa tubuh dan lingkar pinggang} mempunyai nilai arus puncak ekspirasi semakin rendah.

Background: COVID-19 has spread all over the world and became a global pandemic. In Indonesia, COVID-19 has officially defined the non-natural disaster of COVID-19 spread as national disaster in April 13th 2020. COVID-19 cases are predominant in adult population with higher severity particularly if accompanied with comorbidities resulting in a relatively high mortality rate. However, some recent studies showed that children are at a similar or higher risk to COVID-19 compared to adults. This study aims to evaluate the predictors of mortality in pediatric COVID-19 cases. Subjects and Method:This study used a cross-sectional design using data from medical records of pediatric patients with confirmed COVID-19 who were hospitalized in the isolation ward of Dr Moewardi General Hospital from March 2020 to August 2021. All variables with significant result in the bivariate analysis were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Data were analyzed using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics version 25) with significance of p value of < 0.05. Results: Results of this study showed that age 10-17 years (OR= 16.26; 95% CI= 1.47 to 179.56; p= 0.023), the use of oxygen mask (OR= 45.89; 95% CI = 5.39 to 390.58; p <0.001), and the use of continued oxygen therapy (OR= 181.48; 95% CI=11.25 to 2927.80; p <0.001) are predictors of mortality in pediatric patients with confirmed COVID-19. Conclusion: Age 10-17 years, use of oxygen mask and advanced oxygen therapy are predictors of mortality in pediatric patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in Dr Moewardi General Hospital Surakarta.