No abstract

Poultry meat and eggs are one of the most widely consumed animal origin food in various parts of the world, across a wide variety of cultures, traditions and religions. In 2016 the duck population (Anas spp.) throughout the world reached 1.24 billion and 1.1 billion (89 percent) were in Asia. The production of meat and duck eggs is still lower than chickens, but ducks make a significant contribution in providing high-quality nutritional food needs. The consumption of duck eggs accounts for around 10-30% of total egg consumption in China and Southeast Asia. Duck eggs contain all essential amino acids required by the human diet and are a good source of vitamins and minerals. Due to lower water content, they are more nutrient than chicken eggs. Asian is the leading continent in duck meat production with a share of 82.2%, followed by Europe with 12.4%. Asia has also the highest increase of total and of per capita duck meat by 308% and 244%, respectively. Almost 10 percent of poultry meat in Asia is compared to 4.1% in the world. People consume the duck meat because of their high nutritional value with complete essential amino acid composition and good fatty acid composition with a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids and a balanced ratio between omega-6 fatty acids and omega-3. Large-scale duck production requires more efforts for higher efficiency and improving product quality by breeding, nutrition and management in accordance with animal welfare requirements and environmental protection. Family duck farmers (small-scale production) with limited capital contribute significantly to food security, poverty alleviation, and the ecologically sound management of natural resources. Farmers must have more access to obtain good duck breed, appropriate technology, and service support, which can substantially increase productivity, income, and food security.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of Intellectual Capital in developing livestock and animal specialties companies’ performance. Intellectual capital is measured using VAIC. In VAIC, intellectual component consists of human capital, structural capital, and capital employed. Panel data regression model analysis is used in this study. The samples for this study is agricultural production companies which are specialties in production-livestock and animal. The samples are taken from companies that operated in ASEAN countries namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam during 2008-2018. The final sample used in this study consists of a total of 136 observations. The results showed that only one components of intellectual capital, which is human capital have positive effect in developing livestock and animal specialties companies’ performance. This result indicates that human capital can generate better performance for the companies. Meanwhile, structural capital has a negative effect on livestock and animal specialties companies’ performance and capital employed has no effect on livestock and animal specialties companies’ performance. The overall result implies that companies should utilize and maintain intellectual capital, mainly human capital to maximize their performance.

The aim of this research is to estimate the heterosis value of Magelang and Tegal crossed ducks morphometrics characteristics. The cross between the Magelang duck male and the Tegal female is called Maggal (F1). The research material are 319 ducks consisted of Magelang and Tegal ducks with 10 males and 70 females each, also the cross result of 239 Maggal ducks. Research method is experiment. The variable measured was the morphometric characteristics (body weight, body length, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, shank length, pubis length, and neck lenght) of the duck aged at 6 months. The heterosis value is obtained by comparing the ability of the cross with the parent. This research has shown heterosis in body weight, body length, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, shank length, pubis length, and neck lenght of 6 month old Gallang and Maggal duck were 0.03; 0.01; 0.06; 0.02; -0,05; 0.01; and 0.03. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the heterosis value of Magelang and Tegal crossed ducks morphometrics characteristics were relatively low. The positive heterosis value in body weight, body length, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, pubis length, and neck lenght, while shank length negative.

The aim of this study was to determine differences in growth, carcass production and identify polymorphisms of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) gene in Muscovy ducks from the second generation selection (G2). The research material used 180-day-old Muscovy ducks consisting of male and female ducks with white feathers and male and female ducks with a combination of black and white feathers. Measurement of duck body weight was carried out every week, and ducks are slaughtered at 10 weeks to obtain carcass production data. The data obtained were analyzed by systat-13 program based on variance analysis and Duncan test. The primary design was based on a database of the genebank Cairina moschata adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) gene, exons 1, 2 and partial cds (FJ763338.1). The primary base sequence of the A-FABP gene was the primary forward: 5’-TCTGGGGGTGTTATCTGGAG -3’ and reverse primer: 5’-ATTTGTCAGTGGCTGTGCTG -3’. The sequencing results of PCR products were analyzed using bioedit version 7.7 to determine the presence of the A-FABP gene polymorphism. The results showed that at the same age male Muscovy ducks produced carcass weight, and thickness of breast meat higher than female ducks. Body weight, carcass weight and parts of the carcass (breast, thigh, back, and wings) of a combination black-white feather male ducks higher than the male white feathers. The abdominal fat on all the ducks relatively the same. The A-FABP gene PCR product was at 176 bp. The results of bioedit analysis showed that at 151 bp, base length there was a mutation from Guanin to Adenin in the observed Cairina moschata, both male and female Muscovy ducks with white feathers and black-white combinations. All ducks observed had homozygous AA genotypes. Base changes in SNP c. 151G> A indicate a transition mutation. The study concluded that male Muscovy duck with a combination black-white feathers have highest genetic potential in body weight and carcass production with thick meat breast compared to other ducks. The weight of abdominal fat was relatively the same in male and female manila ducks. The A-FABP gene in manila ducks was monomorphic.