RESUME L'agriculture et l'élevage constituent les principales activités socio-économiques de la population de la région de Zinder (Niger). Toutefois, ces activités présentent des impacts négatifs sur la qualité des eaux souterraines constituant l'une des principales sources d'approvisionnement en eau de cette population. Cette étude a pour objectif de déterminer la qualité physico-chimique et l'origine de la minéralisation des eaux des aquifères du Continental Intercalaire / Hamadien et du Continental Terminal de la région de Zinder. Vingt-huit échantillons ont fait l'objet d'une analyse physico-chimique. Les résultats obtenus ont été traités par la méthode hydrochimique et l'Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP) avec des logiciels Diagramme et XLSTAT 2016. Les eaux analysées se classent en trois catégories (36% acides, 32% neutres et 32% basiques) et se répartissent en quatre faciès (53,57% bicarbonatés sodi-potassiques, 25% chlorurés sodi-potassiques, 17,85% chlorurés calci-magnésiens et 3,57% bicarbonatés calci-magnésiens). L'ACP a permis d'identifier deux mécanismes qui gouvernent la minéralisation des eaux de la région (pluviolessivage de sols par infiltration des minéraux riches en calcium et magnésium et temps de séjour par altération des minéraux). Les teneurs anormales en fluorures de Koundoumawa (3,28 mg.L-1), Belbedji (1,95 mg.L-1) et Garagoumsa (1,64 mg.L-1) font appel à des traitements de dépollution avant approvisionnement.
Agriculture and livestock are the main socio-economic activities of the population of the Zinder region (Niger). However, these activities have negative impacts on groundwater quality, which is the main source of water supply for this population. In this work, the physicochemical quality of the waters of the Socle of the Zinder region was studied during the rainy and dry seasons. Twenty-four samples were the subject of a physico-chemical analysis. The data obtained were processed by the hydrochemical method by the Diagram software and the principal component analysis by the XLSTAT software. Of the waters analyzed, 83% have normal pH values (6.5 - 8.5) and 17% acid pH <6.5 during both seasons. The nitrate levels of Yekoua (62.04 and 63.36 mg.L-1), Dan Ladi (123.64 and 146.96 mg.L-1), Bourbourwa (64.65 and 80.08 mg.L -1) and Kazoé (130.68 and 124.52 mg.L-1) and fluoride of Kazoé (1.5 mg.L-1), Midik (1.6 mg.L-1) and Bourbourwa (2.98 mg.L-1) during both seasons are abnormal. Four facies characterize the analyzed waters, with a predominance of bicarbonated calci-magnesian(42%) during the rainy season, calci-magnesian bicarbonate (41.7%) and calci-magnesium chloride (41.7%) during the dry season. The residence time by hydrolysis and alteration of silicate rocks and the pluviolessivage of soils are the main mechanisms that govern the mineralization of these waters. These grades, call for remediation treatments. Clays could be promoters for this treatment because they are very available and less expensive.
This study aims to determine the textural (specific surface, pore volume and pore size) and mineralogical characteristics of Tanout red clay of Zinder region (Niger) in order to have textural data allowing its use as an adsorbent. The methodology is based on textural analyzes (adsorption of N2 at 77 K by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method), mineralogical (X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy) and physicochemical (preliminary analyses). The results obtained show that the red clay has a specific surface of 418.4 m2.g-1 and 967.7 m2.g-1 calculated according to the BET and Langmuir methods respectively and a microporous surface of 540 m2.g- 1, with pore volume varying from 0.0389 to 0.2535 cm3.g-1 and pore size varying from 0.3675 to 5.423 nm calculated according to the methods (Barrett-Joyner-Halenda, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Dubinin -A, Horvath-Kawazoe and Saito-Foley). It has slit and cylindrical micro- pores. It has a slightly neutral pH in an aqueous medium and a high cation exchange capacity with low humidity and density, and is mainly composed of SiO2 (83.2%), Al2O3 (7.04%) and Fe2O3 (3.35%) with trace elements, the main ones being: Zr (2490 ppm), Sr (310.21 ppm), Cu (310.1 ppm), V (290.1 ppm) and Zn (140ppm). It consists essentially of Montmorillonite, illite and Kaolinite with impurities such as quartz and rutile. This clay has a high degree of crystallinity. These characteristics make it a promoter material that can be used as an adsorbent.
The base of Damagaram-Mounio outcrops in the eastern part of the Zinder region. In this zone, the aquifers are discontinuous and the groundwater resources are located in fractured, fissured and / or altered horizons of granite (Older granites) and metamorphic formations of the Pan-African and young cracked granites (Younger granites) . These aquifers are mainly captured by boreholes whose failure rates, very high, can exceed 50%. In addition, the positive borehole flows are less than 2 m3 / h at more than 85% of them. Thus, the problem of water resources arises acutely. In this densely populated area, this lack of water to feed the population is aggravated by high levels of nitrites. In fact, these levels greatly exceed the standards of drinking water for human consumption hence the present study, the main objective of which is to characterize the nitrite contents in the groundwater resources of the area. The methodological approach based on the inventory of hydraulic structures capturing the boreholes in the base and the analysis of the physico-chemical parameters of the water from several boreholes, made it possible to establish that 32% of the water from the sampled boreholes has nitrite contents. , exceeding the WHO standard set at 0.1 mg / L, therefore, these waters are unfit for human consumption. This study made it possible to highlight waters with high nitrite contents which are characterized by values ​​greater than 1 mg / L. This concerns borehole water from localities such as: Bourbourwa, Midik and that of ZengonSoumagaila. The high nitrite contents observed in the groundwater in the area may be linked to an organic pollution phenomenon. Furthermore, no significant correlation was observed between the nitrite contents and the values ​​of the electrical conductivity of the groundwater in the area.
The objective of this study is to identify the different mineral phases, the structural and textural properties of natural clay of Tanout in Zinder region (Niger) in order to have mineralogical data allowing its valuation. The methodology is based on a physicochemical characterization by coupling several analysis techniques (preliminary analyses, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, thermos- gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller by adsorption of N2 at 77 K). The results from these analyzes show that this clay has a low humidity rate, a low density, a slightly neutral pH in an aqueous medium and a high cation exchange capacity and is mainly composed of SiO2 (68.1%), Al2O3 (17.02%) and Fe2O3 (7.6%) with trace elements, the most important of which are: Zr (4150.6 ppm), Sr (470 ppm), Cu (380.2 ppm) and V (320ppm). It essentially consists of Kaolinite and Montmorillonite with impurities such as quartz and microclines. It has a specific surface of 441.1 m2.g-1 and 2288 m2.g-1 calculated according to the BET and Langmuir methods respectively, with porous volume varying from 0.0157 to 0.2597 cm3.g-1 and of pore size which varies from 1.847 to 6.182 nm calculated according to the methods (Barrett-Joyner-Halenda, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Dubinin-A, Horvath-Kawazoe and Saito-Foley). This clay has an important degree of crystallinity. These characteristics make it a potential material that can be used in water pollution control.
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