The role of hyperventilation -hypocapnia in the pathomechanism of panic disorder O papel da hiperventilação -a hipocapnia no patomecanismo do distúrbio de pânico A b s t r a c t Objective: The authors present a profile of panic disorder based on and generalized from the effects of acute and chronic hyperventilation that are characteristic of the respiratory panic disorder subtype. The review presented attempts to integrate three premises: hyperventilation is a physiological response to hypercapnia; hyperventilation can induce panic attacks; chronic hyperventilation is a protective mechanism against panic attacks. Method: A selective review of the literature was made using the Medline database. Reports of the interrelationships among panic disorder, hyperventilation, acidosis, and alkalosis, as well as catecholamine release and sensitivity, were selected. The findings were structured into an integrated model. Discussion: The panic attacks experienced by individuals with panic disorder develop on the basis of metabolic acidosis, which is a compensatory response to chronic hyperventilation. The attacks are triggered by a sudden increase in (pCO 2 ) when the latent (metabolic) acidosis manifests as hypercapnic acidosis. The acidotic condition induces catecholamine release. Sympathicotonia cannot arise during the hypercapnic phase, since low pH decreases catecholamine sensitivity. Catecholamines can provoke panic when hyperventilation causes the hypercapnia to switch to hypocapnic alkalosis (overcompensation) and catecholamine sensitivity begins to increase. Conclusion: Therapeutic approaches should address long-term regulation of the respiratory pattern and elimination of metabolic acidosis.Descriptors: Acidosis; Catecholamines; Hyperventilation; Hypocapnia; Panic disorder Resumo Objetivo: Os autores apresentam um modelo de transtorno do pânico que se baseia nos efeitos da hiperventilação aguda e crônica, característicos do subtipo respiratório de transtorno do pânico. O modelo é generalizado a partir desses efeitos. Ele integra três características da hiperventilação: a hiperventilação é uma resposta fisiológica à hipercapnia; a hiperventilação pode induzir ataques de pânico; a hiperventilação crônica representa um mecanismo protetor contra os ataques de pânico. Método: Revisão seletiva da literatura a partir da base de dados Medline. Foram selecionados relatos referentes à inter-relação entre transtorno do pânico, hiperventilação, acidose, alcalose, liberação de catecolaminas e sensibilidade a catecolaminas, sendo os achados estruturados de modo a formar um modelo integrado. Discussão: Os ataques de pânico do transtorno do pânico desenvolvem-se com base numa acidose metabólica, que é uma resposta compensatória à hiperventilação crônica. Os ataques são desencadeados por um súbito aumento da pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono (pCO 2 ), quando a acidose (metabólica) latente se manifesta pela acidose hipercápnica. A condição acidótica induz liberação de catecolaminas. A simpaticotonia não pode manifestar-se durante...
A cada ano, o tabagismo mata 5 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo; este número tende a crescer nos próximos anos. A farmacoterapia tem grande importância no tratamento da dependência de nicotina. Este artigo faz uma revisão crítica dos principais tratamentos medicamentosos usados atualmente para o tratamento deste transtorno: a terapia de reposição de nicotina, a bupropiona e a nortriptilina.Palavras-chave: Nicotina, farmacoterapia, reposição, bupropiona, nortriptilina. AbstractEach year, nicotine dependence kills fi ve million people around the world and the morbidity and mortality due to tobacco use tends to increase in the following years. Pharmacotherapy has great importance in the treatment of nicotine dependence. This paper presents a critical review of the main pharmacotherapies presently available for the treatment of this disorder: nicotine replacement, bupropion and nortriptyline.
The authors present four patients displaying panic disorder and a history of epileptic seizures to illustrate difficulties regarding differential diagnosis between epileptic seizures and panic attacks. The cases describe the aversive properties of epileptic seizures, the role of visual seizure-triggering stimuli as phobic cues, and the effectiveness and safety of clomipramine treatment of panic attacks as an adjunct to concurrent antiepileptic medication.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.