AIM: The aim of the study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of death cases with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: We collected clinical characteristics of confirmed COVID-19 patients who died from January 01, 2022, to March 31, 2022, in Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou General Hospital, Manado, Indonesia. The patient’s clinical features were obtained from the electronic medical records: Age, sex, history of COVID-19 vaccination, type of vaccine, s-gene target failure (SGTF) result, duration of hospitalization, comorbidities, and cause of death. RESULTS: Seventy-nine medical records of COVID-19 patients treated and died at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou General Hospital, Manado, Indonesia, from January 01, 2022, to March 31, 2022. The mean age of patients was 56-years-old, 57% were males, and 43% were females. The mean duration of hospitalization was 5 days. Most patients (73%) had not received any COVID-19 vaccine. SGTF results showed a probable Omicron variant in 53% of the subject, 13% of non-probable Omicron, and 13% of others who did not have the test. A third of the deceased patients had at least one type of comorbid condition. Diabetes mellitus was the most common comorbidity in 66% of our subjects. Most of the issues died due to respiratory failure (63%), and the rest died due to multiple organ failures, septic shock, and cerebrovascular accidents. CONCLUSION: One-third of COVID-19 patients who died at least had one type of comorbidity, commonly diabetes mellitus. Most of the subjects died due to respiratory failure. Most of the deceased patients had not received any COVID-19 vaccination.

Vaccination is considered as the most effective solution for the SARS-COV-2 pandemic problem. Therefore, an understanding of the effectiveness of vaccination is now very important, both to design a better response to SARS-CoV-2, as well as to provide education for prospective vaccination participants. This study was aimed to obtain the description of specific antibody in SARS-CoV2 vaccinated individuals. This was a cohort-design study. SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody was measured wiht the Electro Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (ECLIA) method. This study was carried out at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital with 28 subjects; all were examined three times with an interval of three weeks. The first antibody examination revealed antibody formation (IgG) with a range of 3.6-1825 AU/mL with a median of 418.3 AU/mL and a mean of 525.6 AU/mL. In the second and third examinations, the median antibody titer value in the elderly group was recorded at 482.9 AU/mL and 631.3 AU/mL respectively, which were higher than the group of non-elderly subjects who were recorded to have a median of 391.9 AU/mL in the second examination and 401.6 AU/mL in the third examination. In conclusion, vaccination causes specific immunity, and the effectiveness of vaccination for the formation of specific antibodies (IgG) in the elderly group is good, although it takes a longer time compared to the non-elderly group. Moreover, the antibody formed after 63 days from the first vaccination in the elderly group is higher than in the non-elderly group.Keywords: SARS-COV-2; antibody; vaccination Abstrak: Penanggulangan pandemi SARS-COV-2 yang dianggap paling efektif hingga saat ini ialah vaksinasi, yang dilengkapi dengan penerapan protokol kesehatan. Pemahaman tentang efektivitas vaksinasi saat ini menjadi amat penting, baik untuk merancang penanggulangan SARS-CoV-2 yang lebih baik, maupun untuk memberikan edukasi bagi calon peserta vaksinasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran antibodi spesifik yang terbentuk pada penerima vaksinasi SARS-CoV2 menggunakan desain cohort. Pengukuran antibodi spesifik SARS-CoV-2 menggunakan metode Electro Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (ECLIA). Penelitian dilaksanakan di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D Kandou dengan jumlah subjek 28 orang, masing-masing diperiksa tiga kali dengan jeda waktu tiga minggu. Pada pemeriksaan antibodi pertama ditemukan pembentukan antibodi (IgG) dengan range 3,6-1825 AU/mL dengan median 418,3 AU/mL dan rerata 525,6 AU/mL. Pada pemeriksaan kedua dan ketiga, nilai median titer antibodi pada kelompok lanjut usia, berturut-turut tercatat 482,9 AU/mL dan 631,3 AU/mL pada pemeriksaan ketiga, lebih tinggi dibanding dibanding kelompok subjek non lansia yang tercatat memiliki median 391,9 AU/mL pada pemeriksaan kedua dan 401,6 AU/mL pada pemeriksaan ketiga. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah vaksinasi menimbulkan imunitas spesifik, dan efektivitas vaksinasi untuk pembentukan antibodi spesifik (IgG) pada kelompok lanjut usia baik, walau membutuhkan waktu yang lebih panjang dibanding kelompok non lanjut usia. Antibodi yang terbentuk pasca vaksinasi 63 hari setelah pemberian vaksinasi pertama pada kelompok lanjut usia lebih tinggi dibanding kelompok non usia lanjut.Kata kunci: SARS-CoV-2; antibodi; vaksinasi

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia has been ongoing for a year as at time of writing, since March 2020. Vaccination interventions are public health efforts that are arguably the most effective in the current pandemic situation, in addition to routine health protocols. Until now, there have been few reports of the effectiveness of vaccination and antibody titers formed after vaccination is carried out. This study aims to find out the difference in antibody titers after vaccination in confirmed COVID-19 cases. Methods: This observational study investigated the difference in SARS-Cov-2 quantitative antibody titers between two cohorts: unvaccinated COVID patients who were confirmed -with COVID-19 and individuals undergoing vaccination at the hospital Prof. dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Inclusion and exclusion criteria, statistical analysis, and research ethics were applied in the study. Results: Antibody titers in survivor groups were relatively lower at 56 days and 84 days after COVID-19 diagnosis, while the antibody titer in the elderly group undergoing vaccination relatively increased at 56 days and 84 days after the first vaccination. There was a significant difference in antibody titers between a group of survivors and those who underwent vaccination on the first (28 days) and third (84 days). Conclusions: From this study, it was found that in the naturally COVID-19-infected group, antibody titers were still found for 84 days after COVID-19 diagnosis. In the group undergoing vaccination, it was found that antibody titers increased significantly at 56 days after vaccination.