Niniejszy szkic stanowi próbę namysłu nad zagadnieniem rzadko dotąd obecnym w kręgu polskiej refleksji filologicznej. Skupiamy w nim uwagę na zakończeniach 18 wybranych artykułów literaturoznawczych. Właśnie w konkluzjach, jako mających zwieńczyć bądź streścić wywód i zakorzenić tekst w pamięci odbiorców, twórcy poradników i opracowań dotyczących dyskursu naukowego dostrzegają znaczenie fundamentalne. To przeświadczenie zdają się podzielać sami uczeni, obierający przy tworzeniu finałów różne strategie. W tekstach publikowanych od 2015 do 2019 r. wyodrębniamy tego typu strategii około 15: od apologii wybranego pisarstwa po propozycje dalszych ścieżek rozwoju konkretnych badań, od efektownej puenty po cytat z pracy, którą stworzył poprzednik. Jak ujawnia nasza analiza, podsumowanie tekstu naukowego nie jest jedynie miejscem wykorzystania konwencjonalnych retorycznych zabiegów. Staje się też przyczynkiem do zrozumienia roli przypisywanej własnej twórczości przez badaczy/badaczki literatury.
Jednym z popularnych tematów gier planszowych jest kolonializm jako zarówno tło historyczne dla growej narracji, jak i zbiór mitów, stereotypów i fantazmatów o imperialnej proweniencji. Wśród nich wskazać można: orientalne reprezentacje Innego, uprzywilejowanie europocentrycznej perspektywy, mityzowanie kolonizacji jako rozwoju cywilizacyjnego czy jej przedstawienie jako odkrywanie „ziemi niczyjej”. W artykule omówione zostały wybrane gry planszowe realizujące różne strategie ukazywania kolonialnej tematyki oraz mechaniki gier ekonomicznych i strategicznych. Celem pracy było również dotarcie do źródła nieporozumień co do zasadności lub niezasadności rozpatrywania gier planszowych w kategoriach etycznych.
From climate of violence to concrete violence. Revolution in Frantz Fanon’s philosophy The article shows the philosophical idea of revolution formulated by Frantz Fanon in relation to the process of decolonization in his work The Wretched of the Earth. The conception of “world divided into compartments” – in which the colonialized territory is seen as a bipartite, incoherent space of forced coexistence of the colonized and the colonizer – is being analysed in detail. Animalistic imagery depressing natives was used for a description of dependent lands and was a way to strengthen the difference and highlight the separateness (not only a cultural one, but also racial and even opposition of human and inhuman/animal). In his prorevolutionary stand Fanon suspended and relativized the evaluation of violence and liberating war. Next subjects of the analysis are violence and threats connected to the forms of resistance and the moment of transition between the first, gentle rebellion strategies to revolutionary movements leading to decolonization. In the last part of the article I outline the impact of Fanon’s philosophical conception of revolution.
The article depicts the connectivity of popular culture studies in the field of cultural studies with issues of postcolonial studies. The aim of the work is to answer the question about a possibility to transplant Western cultural studies research to postcolonial popular culture analysis and interpretation. The study begins with a brief reconstruction of the history of pop culture research in the scope of postcolonial methodology — the most important works, conferences, and thematic issues initiating an interest in a research field new to postcolonialism around the 1990s and at the beginning of the following millennium. In the next part of the article, the author points out two main definitions of popular culture (“the popular”) in the scope of indicated optics — by Stuart Hall and John Fiske; the author also considers terminological issues with “the popular” and its non-existent equivalent in Polish. An ambiguous movement written in popular culture was considered as its most important feature (as Hall and Fiske claimed) — at the same time, a dominant system is contained (incorporation) and meets with resistance of people who revolt by the means of the system itself (exportation). Nonetheless, the author shows why believing in the possibility of resistance can be an illusion. Next, the author comments on the stand of Kwame Anthony Appiah, who problematized the relation of postcolonialism and pop culture. The analysis of connections between these two phenomena is followed by a few examples of intertextuality in Alain Mabanckou’s novels.
The article is a comparative study of two stories about murderers, characters of the novels “African Psycho” (2003) by Alain Mabanckou and “American Psycho” (1991) by Bret Easton Ellis. The similarities in the construction of the main characters – fascination with popular culture, brutality and vulgarity, identity problems and interest in famous serial killers – are evidence of Mabanckou’s intertextual play with a popular American novel. The essence of this play, however, is rather the moments of distinguishing and negotiating with the original text, among them: cultural, social, economic and political differences in the construction of the world presented, different class positions and motivations for the actions of the murderers. The article investigates also the main characters’ capability to be subjects of moral judgements. Their specific mental state (biographical discontinuity, isolation, desire for evil) is evidence of „depowerment”. Therefore, their capacity for self-understanding and ethical responsibility is questioned.
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