The Indonesian government has chosen to implement large-scale social restrictions, or Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB), to minimize the spread of COVID-19. PSBB is a government policy aimed at restricting the internal movement of people in a bid to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2. This study aims to assess the impact of such large-scale social restriction measures on the incidence of COVID-19 cases in four provinces of Indonesia. Time series analysis was used to describe trends in COVID-19 cases by using surveillance data from the Ministry of Health of Indonesia. Quasi-Poisson regression with an interaction model was used to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR), and this was calculated to compare the incidence rate before and during PSBB implementation. The trend in COVID-19 cases in the provinces of West Java, East Java, Banten, and Jakarta has continued to fluctuate. These four provinces have continued to experience a significant increase in the COVID-19 incidence rate ratio after the implementation of the first and second PSBB periods compared to the  period before PSBB implementation. Lack of proper implementation of the large-scale social restrictions has led to PSBB’s ineffectiveness in reducing the number of COVID-19 cases in each of the provinces.

ABSTRAK Diabetes Melitus merupakan penyakit yang terjadi karena kelenjar pankreas tidak dapat memproduksi insulin secara efektif dan tubuh tidak dapat menggunakan secara efektif, proporsi Diabetes Melitus wilayah Kecamatan Gambir sejumlah 12,15% tahun 2017 dan terdapat kasus baru DM tipe 2 dengan total 221 penderita tahun 2018. Jenis penelitian analitik kuantitatif Cross Sectional dengan tujuan mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian Diabetes Melitus tipe 2. Penelitian menggunakan data primer yang diambil di Posbindu Mawar Kuning Gambir, dilaksanakan Februari-mei 2019, sampel 91 orang. Instrumen menggunakan kuesioner dengan metode wawancara. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat dengan menggunakan chie square. Hasil univariat terbanyak, responden yang mengalami Diabetes Melitus tipe 2 sebanyak 30,8%, karakteristik responden usia > 45 tahun 74,7%, jenis kelamin perempuan 75,8%, tidak merokok 72,5%, aktif aktivitas fisik 60,4%, tidak ada riwayat DM 73,6%, dan ada riwayat hipertensi 58,2%. Hasil uji bivariat menunjukkan variabel ada hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian DM tipe 2 yaitu usia (p value = 0,017), aktivitas fisik (p value = 0,000),riwayat DM (p value = 0,000), dan riwayat hipertensi (p value = 0,004). Sedangkan variabel tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian DM tipe 2 yaitu, jenis kelamin (p value = 0,359) dan Merokok (p value = 0,153). Berdasarkan penelitian disarankan pelayanan kesehatan melakukan edukasi masyarakat tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya DM tipe 2 dan melakukan skrining secara aktif untuk mencegah terjadinya DM tipe 2. Kata kunci : Posbindu Mawar Kuning, Diabetes Melitus, Faktor Risiko, Jakarta Pusat

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the main causes of high mortality among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. This study aimed at determining the association between presence of chronic diseases and smoking behaviors with the development of ARDS among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Indonesia. This study was carried out in 15 Muhammadiyah-‘Aisyiyah–affiliated COVID-19 referral hospitals in Indonesia. Four hundred ninety participants who tested positive for the COVID-19 were recruited in this study. Demographic data, history of chronic diseases, and the development of ARDS were retrieved from hospital patient records. Information about the smoking behavior was collected after respondents were discharged from the hospital. Presence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, chronic heart disease, hypertension, and chronic liver diseases were significantly associated with the development of ARDS. In a similar regard, patients who currently smoked had a 5 times greater risk of developing ARDS compared with those who never smoked.

Introduction: Several scientific evidence showed that smoking can increase the severity and mortality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This indicates that the pandemic is the best time to reduce its frequency or stop the habit, but misinformation that smoking prevents infection has an effect on smokers' behavior. Therefore, this study aims to assess the beliefs about the effects of smoking on COVID-19 as well as to determine their relationship with smoking habits among university student smokers in Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: This study was carried out in three Universities in Jakarta with a total of 198 respondents, who were selected conveniently. Furthermore, independent variables were derived from the Health Belief Model theory, while the dependent variables include quit intention and smoking frequency. Chi-square and ordinal regression analyses were carried out to determine the association between the variables. Results: The belief that smoking increases the severity of COVID-19 as well as having the determination to stop the habit, had an effect on the respondents' quit intention. Moreover, perceived barriers, such as feeling anxious (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.19–0.60) and being exposed to information that the habit prevents COVID-19 severity (AOR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.01–0.71) were protective factors against the decrease in the number of cigarettes smoked daily. Conclusion: Improving digital health literacy, campaigns to clarify the risk of cigarettes, and self-efficacy related to cessation are important efforts to prevent smoking behavior during a pandemic.

Latar Belakang: Adanya satu kasus difteri terkonfirmasi laboratorium secara klinis menjadi dasar suatu daerah dinyatakan sebagai KLB. Awal tahun 2018, kasus difteri dikatakan berakhir pada 85 dari 170 Kabupaten/ Kota (termasuk DKI Jakarta, Banten, dan Jawa Barat). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian difteri pada pasien anak di RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso tahun 2018. Metode: penelitian ini menggunakan desain case control. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 60 sampel, yaitu 20 kasus pasien difteri klinis dan terkonfirmasi laboratorium, serta 40 kontrol pasien PD3I tidak difteri. Pengambilan sampel kasus menggunakan sampling jenuh, sedangkan kontrol dengan quota sampling. Adapun kriteria inklusi kasus yaitu tercatat sebagai pasien rawat inap atau rawat jalan dan memiliki catatan rekam medis, sedangkan kriteria ekslusi kasus yaitu tidak terdapatnya catatan imunisasi. Data sekunder tentang kasus difteri diperoleh dari data surveilans dan rekam medis tahun 2018. Data dianalisis secara univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat.  Hasil: berdasarkan hasil analisis diketahui bahwa variabel status imunisasi berhubungan secara bermakna (p-value = 0.002) dan paling dominan berpengaruh (OR = 5.060) terhadap kejadian difteri pada pasien anak di RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso tahun 2018. Variabel konfounding dalam penelitian ini yaitu jenis kelamin (OR = 1.851) dan sosial ekonomi (OR = 1.923). Kesimpulan: status Imunisasi merupakan faktor risiko difteri pada anak. Saran: penyuluhan tentang pentingnya imunisasi lengkap kepada individu keluarga dan advokasi terhadap stakeholder dilakukan secara lebih optimal.