ABSTRACT. This revision of the classification of unicellular eukaryotes updates that of Levine et al. (1980) for the protozoa and expands it to include other protists. Whereas the previous revision was primarily to incorporate the results of ultrastructural studies, this revision incorporates results from both ultrastructural research since 1980 and molecular phylogenetic studies. We propose a scheme that is based on nameless ranked systematics. The vocabulary of the taxonomy is updated, particularly to clarify the naming of groups that have been repositioned. We recognize six clusters of eukaryotes that may represent the basic groupings similar to traditional ''kingdoms.'' The multicellular lineages emerged from within monophyletic protist lineages: animals and fungi from Opisthokonta, plants from Archaeplastida, and brown algae from Stramenopiles.

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Hypocopra (Fr.) Kickx is used for those representatives of the Xylariaceae typically possessing sessile, clypeoid, or reduced stromata; asci with a complex apical apparatus staining blue or brick-red in Melzer's reagent; either unicellular dark-walled ascospores or bicellular ascospores with one large dark-walled cell and a very small hyaline cell; and a single germ slit of variable length in the ascospores of the different species. A synoptic key to all currently recognized species is provided. One new combination, H. hypocoproides (Sordaria hypocoproides Speg.), is described and illustrated along with fourteen new species: H. annulata, found on deer and moose dung from Sweden and U.S.A.; H. anomala and H. keniensis, both on burro and cow dung from Kenya and Mexico; H. bicolor and H. cataphracta, both on horse dung from U.S.A.; H. dolichopoda, on horse, cow, deer, and rabbit dung from Canada and U.S.A.; H. elachyglossina, on horse, cow, and goat dung from Bulgaria, Canada, Spain, Sweden, and Yugoslavia; H. festucacea, on red-deer, moose, and wapiti dung from Canada and Switzerland; H. pachyalax, on horse, donkey, and rabbit dung from Canada, Spain, and U.S.A.; H. phorcodes, on burro and cow dung from Mexico; H. planispora, on hare and rabbit dung from Canada, Scotland, and Sweden; H. plinthina, on horse and cow dung from Canada and U.S.A.; H. punicea, on cow dung from Kenya, Mexico, and the Virgin Islands; and H. stephanophora, on horse dung from England and U.S.A.

The taxonomy and ecology of the fungal genus Bombardioidea (Ascomycotina, Lasiosphaeriaceae) are discussed. Descriptions and illustrations are provided for the four accepted species: Bombardioidea anartia n.sp., Bombardioidea bombardioides, Bombardioidea serignanensis, and Bombardioidea stercoris. Observations from axenic culture are provided for B. bombardioides, and an Angulimaya (Phialophora-like) anamorph is reported. The coriaceous and gelatinous aspects of the peridium are considered to be adaptations to xerophytic environments. Key words: Bombardioidea, Angulimaya, Phialophora, coprophilous, ecology, taxonomy.