A characterization of optical and electronic properties is presented for p‐type (Mg‐doped) and n‐type (Si‐doped) iron oxides used in the photoelectrolysis of water. Photocurrent vs. wavelength spectra for these electrodes indicate that
α‐Fe2O3
is the active optical component for both p‐type and n‐type materials. Band‐edge locations for p‐type and n‐type iron oxides in sodium hydroxide aqueous solution are determined from differential capacitance measurements. The thermodynamic feasibility of the catalytic photodissociation of water without external potential is demonstrated for a short‐circuited p/n diode assembly on an energy level diagram of the electrode/electrolyte interfaces. The open‐circuit voltage
false(VOCfalse)
and short‐circuit current
false(ISCfalse)
generated by the p/n assembly as a function of the intensity of laser irradiation indicate that these doped iron oxides are low mobility, high carrier density semiconductors. Photo‐oxidation of water at the n‐type anode is verified through oxygen detection. Gas evolution is monitored from an operating diode assembly using mass spectrometry and isotopically labeled water
false(H218Ofalse)
. Photocurrents from these p/n assemblies show excellent long‐term stability in aqueous solution and Auger analysis of the semiconductor surfaces indicates no evidence of electrode dissolution.
2 ) in 1998. The pathogen is primarily spread among trees via root contacts; therefore, the spread and impact of H. annosum from the stump(s) where infection originated (gap makers) were characterized by describing the area of potential root contact as a variable-area plot. The potential root contact zone delineated the area that would be encompassed by mortality if all trees potentially in contact with the original gap makers had died. Of the 21 plots, the actual area of tree mortality exceeded the potential root contact zone in only two gaps. Enlargement rates around gap perimeters were uneven, ranging from 0 to 1.33 m/year. Incense-cedars (Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin) tended to die more slowly than ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.), often 10-30 years after adjacent pines had died. Gap enlargement was not dependent on host density, basal area, or gap-maker diameter, and tended to stabilize over time, probably because of fungal competition in root wood and lack of sufficient suitable host material along gap margins. 2 ) en 1998. Le champignon pathogène s'étend chez les arbres principalement via les contacts racinaires. Par conséquent, la progression et l'impact de H. annosum à partir de la souche où avait débuté l'infection (la cause de la trouée) ont été caractérisés en décrivant la zone potentielle de contacts racinaires comme une parcelle de superficie variable. La zone potentielle de contacts racinaires délimitait la superficie où il y aurait de la mortalité si tous les arbres potentiellement en contact avec la souche à l'origine de la trouée avaient été tués. La zone réelle de mortalité des arbres a dépassé la zone potentielle de contacts racinaires dans seulement deux des 21 trouées. Le taux d'expansion autour du périmètre des trouées était variable, allant de 0 à 1,33 m·a -1 . Les libocèdres à encens (Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin) avaient tendance à mourir plus lentement que les pins ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.), souvent 10 à 30 ans après que les pins adjacents aient été tués. L'expansion des trouées était reliée ni à la densité des hôtes, ni à la surface terrière, ni au diamètre de la souche où avait débuté l'infection et avait tendance à se stabiliser avec le temps, probablement à cause de la compétition fongique dans le bois des racines et de l'absence d'hôtes convenables en quantité suffisante à la marge des trouées.
Résumé[Traduit par la Rédaction] Rizzo et al. 1510
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