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Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to investigate the dark properties as a function of reverse current induced defects. Dark characteristics of solar modules are very essential in the understanding the functioning of these devices. Design/methodology/approach -Reverse currents were applied on the photovoltaic (PV) modules to create defects. At several time intervals, dark characteristics along with surface temperature were measured. Findings -Current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics furnished valuable data and threshold values for reverse currents. Maximum module surface temperatures were directly related to each of the induced reverse currents and to the amount of leakage current. Microstructural damages, in the form of hot spots and overheating, are linked to reverse current effects. Experimental evidence showed that different levels of reverse currents are a major degrading factor of the performance of solar cells and modules. Originality/value -These results give a reliable method to predict most of the essential characteristics of a silicon solar cell or a module. Similar test could help predict the amount of degradation or even the failure of PV modules.

2015),"Behavioral finance: insights from experiments I: theory and financial markets", Review of Behavioural Finance, Vol. 7 Iss 1 pp. 78-96 http://dx.Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by emerald-srm:468524 [] For AuthorsIf you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comEmerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. AbstractPurpose -The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effect of electric reverse stress currents on the performance of photovoltaic solar modules. Design/methodology/approach -The effect of a reverse introduced current as a function of time is studied on the I-V and C-V characteristics and parameters which were extracted and analyzed using numerical analysis based on a reliable double exponential model. Findings -The effect of an introduced reverse current for different periods simulated the effect of accumulated extreme reverse currents which may arise in solar cells and modules due to different reasons, causing dramatic changes in the shunt resistance as well as other characteristics, mainly when the time of the current application exceeded a certain limit. Originality/value -The paper contributes to the research on the damaging effects of reverse currents on the normal operation of the solar cells and modules.

By using the CASSCF/MRCI methods, the theoretical electronic structure of the LuCl molecule has been investigated. These methods have been performed for 20 singlet and triplet electronic states in the representation (2s+1)Λ((±)). Calculated potential energy curves (PECs) are also displayed. Spectroscopic constants including the harmonic vibrational wavenumber ω(e) (cm(-1)), the relative electronic energy T(e) (cm(-1)) referred to the ground state, and the equilibrium internuclear distance R(e) (Å) have been predicted for all of the singlet and triplet electronic states situated below 43,000 cm(-1). Spin-orbit effects have also been taken into consideration and calculated for the lowest-lying electronic states in the representation Ω((±)).