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centages of carbon and hj7drogen were then determined for dextrose, cystine, glycine, and 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid. For each compound the separate analyses were run on separate days. All LITERATURE CITED

Background The parasite of the genus Leishmania causes a neglected disease known as leishmaniasis, which has different clinical aspects depending on the species that infects the person and the immune response of the patient. The objective was to determine, using molecular biology, the current circulating species of Leishmania in biopsies of different types of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) from the endemic district in the region of “Madre de Dios”, Peru. Methods The study's 19 samples were obtained in the Huepethue district in the “Madre de Dios” region from patients who were diagnosed for suspected leishmaniasis infection with three clinical manifestations. These were analyzed using kDNA-PCR, Nested-PCR and HRM-PCR to identify the genus of an infecting parasite as well as its species. Results kDNA-PCR detected all tests for the genus of Leishmania to be positive, while the Nested-PCR could not detect 20.9% of species (one L . ( V .) braziliensis and three L . ( V .) amazonensis ), and the HRM-PCR detected all species presented in the samples. The most prevalent species was L . ( V .) braziliensis (73.7%), and the clinical manifestations were ulcers (63.2%), superficial scabs (5.3%) and diffuse form (5.3%), followed by L . ( V .) amazonensis (15.8%), manifesting ulcers (15.6%), and L . ( V .) lainsoni (10.5%), manifesting superficial scabs (5.3%) and ulcers (5.3%). L . ( V .) braziliensis , L . ( V .) amazonensis and L . ( V .) lainsoni were detected effectively using HRM-PCR in the samples with different clinical manifestations. Conclusions Highlighting the findings of a high diversity of Leishmania species using High Resolution Melting PCR in biopsies with different clinical manifestations of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

SUMMARY An ionization‐detector gas chromatographic unit was used to analyze the acids extracted from a pre‐ferment typical of those used in commercial bread‐making. At least 45 acids were separated as esters on a column containing an adipate polyester of diethylene glycol. Seventeen of the monocarboxylic acids were identified by relative retention times in free acid form. Their identities were confirmed by preparing and separating their esters directly by flash exchange gas chromatography. The acids thus identified are: formic, acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, valeric, crotonic, isocaproic, caproic, heptylic, caprylic, pelargonic, capric, lauric, myristic, and palmitic.

SUMMARY: The influence of pH value on the antibacterial action of subtilin A has been demonstrated by survivor counts, inhibition of respiration, and pH gradient plates. Staphylococcus aureus is more sensitive to subtilin as the pH value increases ; Eschmichia coli is more sensitive as the pH value decreases. The results are analogous to those obtained by other investigators working with cationic detergents, and are consistent with the hypothesis that the basic surface-active antibiotics kill bacteria by the same general mechanism as do the quaternary ammonium germicides. A survey of the growth inhibition of other organisms on pH gradient plates indicates that Bacillus cereus behaves like S. aureus, while B. wgaterium, Corpebactem'um poinsettiae, and Streptococcus faecalis behave like E . coli.A pH/rnobility curve for subtilin A, obtained by paper electrophoretic studies, indicates no striking changes in the charge of the molecule over the pH range 4~9 , although the presence of at least one free a-amino group is indicated by inflexion points in the range of pH 6-7. The isoelectric point of subtilin A a t ionic strength 0.1 is approximately 6-7.The use of sectored, square-shaped Petri dishes for pH-gradient plate studies with germicides is described.