Cenozoic sediments recovered from Sites 548, 549, and 550 were the objects of mineralogical (bulk sample and <2-µm fraction) and geochemical (HCl extract) studies. Thin sections of rock pebbles embedded in sediments (upper levels at Site 548, particularly) were examined on a polarizing microscope.This study outlines the vertical and lateral variation and evolution of the sedimentation. In the Paleocene and lower Eocene, the clay fraction is abundant and smectite is practically the sole existing clay mineral. High Mn, Al, Fe, Mg, and K contents were measured in HCl extracts. Through the middle Eocene, carbonates become more abundant-highly dominant at Site 548. Metal contents in HCl extracts are very low. The clay fraction, although dominated at all sites by smectites, becomes richer in illite and poorly crystallized chlorite. At the middle/upper Miocene boundary, a significant decrease in the smectite/(illite + chlorite) ratio occurs at all sites, and this decrease continues into the middle Pliocene. This decrease is marked by an abrupt increase of quartz at Site 548. At the two other sites, carbonates remain highly predominant; HCl extracts reflect the relative abundance of the clay and carbonate fractions. After a brief recurrence of smectite in a high-metal-content interval, illite and chlorite become the dominant clay minerals in the upper Pliocene and the Pleistocene, where numerous variations in mineralogical composition occur in the clay fraction (Sites 548 and 549) or in non-clay components (Site 548). Several pebbles of various nature and origin, encountered in different levels of this interval at Site 548, appear to have an ice-rafting origin.This study points out three main breaks in the general evolution of the sedimentation: the first, corresponding to the lower/middle Eocene boundary, is marked by the increase of carbonates and associated elements; the second, corresponding to the middle/upper Miocene boundary, is marked by a major decrease of the smectite/(illite + chlorite) ratio at all sites and by a massive appearance of quartz at Site 548; and the third, which occurred toward the late Pliocene, is marked by the dominance of primary clay minerals and the arrival of ice-rafted pebbles.Our interpretation of results considers paleohydrological and paleoclimatic phenomena. It is suggested that the major middle/late Miocene break was associated with an increase of the deep bottom-water circulation between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, and/or a climatic evolution: humidification and cooling of climate. The changes toward the late Pliocene appear to have been the first effects of the glaciations at the end of Cenozoic.
La synthèse de minéraux argileux ferrifères a été réalisée à l'ébullition sous la pression ordinaire à partir de solutions très diluées des constituants. Il est possible dans ces conditions de faire varier le pH dans le milieu de synthèse ainsi que la proportion des éléments devant entrer en combinaison. Aux pH supérieurs à 8 il se forme toujours des silicates de type montmorillonitique, que l'on emploie le fer à l'état ferreux ou ferrique ou que l'on fasse varier la proportion de Mg. Aux pH inférieurs à 6 on obtient des oxydes α Fe₂O₃ ou la goethite. Aux pH intermédiaires, on prépare un mélange de silicate et d'oxyde qui peut être α ou γ Fe₂O₃. Ces résultats montrent que la nature des produits dépend principalement du pH auquel s'effectue la préparation. Ces conclusions sont donc analogues à celles qui résultent de l'étude de la distribution des minéraux argileux et des oxydes dans le milieu naturel.
L'analyse par diffraction des rayons X de la fraction argileuse extraite de roches de l'Aptien supérieur du Bassin d'Arzacq, révèle la présence d'illite, d'interstratifié irrégulier illite-montmorillonite, d'allevardite, de corrensite et de chlorite. Après étude de la répartition de ces différents minéraux dans le bassin, on conclut à une transformation par agradation de minéraux altérés dans un milieu de sédimentation carbonatée à tendance chimique.
Description d'un certain nombre d'échantillons de minéraux de la famille de la montmorillonite. Ils possèdent comme caractère commun la propriété de donner des diagrammes de fibres. Ce fait est dû à la texture particulière de ces échantillons constitués par des cristallites élémentaires ayant la forme de feuillets ou de plaquettes allongés, associés en faisceaux parallèlement à l'axe a.
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