The urinary bladder of the toad (Bufo marinus) was studied with both the light and the electron microscope. The bladder wall consists of epithelium, submucosa, and scrosa. In the epithelium, four diffcrcnt cell types were recognized on the basis of their fine structurc and staining properties with several different dyes. These four wcre dcsignatcd as granular cells, mitochondria-rich cells, mucous cells, and basal cells. In addition, migratory cells of a different type were found in the basal region of the epithelium. The luminal surface of the cpithelial cells presents irregular microviUi and is coated by PAS-positive material which has been further investigated by histochemical procedurcs and radioautography. Included is a description of the fine structural details of ccll mcmbranes, ccll junctions, and intraccllular components. The submucosa consists of a delicate stroma of fibroblasts and collagen fibers and also contains blood and lymph vcsscls, unmyclinatcd nerves, migratory cells, and smooth muscle cells. The serosa consists of a single layer of serosal (mesothelial) cells which form an uninterrupted covering of the viscus. Possible pathways of sodium and water transport across the bladder wall arc discussed.

In order to assess inhibitory potentials of white rose petal extracts (WRPE) on the activities of enzymes related to dermal aging according to the extraction conditions, three extraction methods were adopted. WRPE was prepared by extracting dried white rose (Rosa hybrida) petals with 50% ethanol (WRPE-EtOH), Pectinex® SMASH XXL enzyme (WRPE-enzyme) or high temperature-high pressure (WRPE-HTHP). In the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-1, although the enzyme activity was fully inhibited by all 3 extracts at 100 µg/mL in 60 min, partial inhibition (50-70%) was achieved only by WRPE-EtOH and WRPE-enzyme at 50 µg/mL. High concentrations (≥250 µg/mL) of all 3 extracts markedly inhibited the elastase activity. However, at low concentrations (15.6-125 µg/mL), only WRPE-EtOH inhibited the enzyme activity. Notably, WRPE-EtOH was superior to WRPE-enzyme and WRPE-HTHP in the inhibition of tyrosinase. WRPE-EtOH significantly inhibited the enzyme activity from 31.2 µM, reaching 80% inhibition at 125 µM. In addition to its strong antioxidative activity, the ethanol extract of white rose petals was confirmed to be effective in inhibiting skin aging-related enzymes. Therefore, it is suggested that WRPE-EtOH could be a good candidate for the improvement of skin aging such as wrinkle formation and pigmentation.

Soymilk is well known for its health and nutritional benefits and is one of the best plant substitutes for cow milk. Soymilk is high in protein, low in cholesterol, lactose-free, and rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The bioactive compounds in soybean contribute to the beneficial effects of soymilk and are reported to exert various bioactivities. With the rising interest in health-conscious lifestyles, the development of soymilk with high nutritional quality is a critical task of the soymilk industry. Therefore, research on novel and advanced technologies is underway to develop soymilk with maximal nutritional quality. This review aims to present the recent findings on the beneficial effects of the bioactive compounds in soymilk and to introduce the latest technological advances that enhance the nutritional quality of soymilk, focusing on increasing the amount of nutrients and bioactive compounds, antinutrient removal, fortification with bioactive ingredients, and bio-enrichment. Innovaciones recientes en las tecnologías de procesamiento destinadas a mejorar la calidad nutricional de la leche de soya [soja] RESUMEN La leche de soya es bien conocida por sus beneficios nutricionales y para la salud, siendo uno de los mejores sustitutos vegetales de la leche de vaca. Esta posee un alto contenido de proteínas, es baja en colesterol, no contiene lactosa y es rica en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados. Los compuestos bioactivos de la soya contribuyen a los efectos beneficiosos de la leche de soya y ejercen diversas bioactividades. El creciente interés en estilos de vida enfocados en la salud, ha hecho que la elaboración de leche de soya de alta calidad nutricional sea una tarea crítica para la industria de este producto. Por ello se investigan tecnologías novedosas y avanzadas para producirla con la máxima calidad nutricional. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar los recientes descubrimientos relativos a los efectos beneficiosos de los compuestos bioactivos de la leche de soya e introducir los últimos avances tecnológicos que mejoran su calidad nutricional, centrándose en el aumento de la cantidad de nutrientes y de compuestos bioactivos, la eliminación de antinutrientes, el enriquecimiento con ingredientes bioactivos y el bioenriquecimiento.

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