The Open Provenance Model is a model of provenance that is designed to meet the following requirements: (1) To allow provenance information to be exchanged between systems, by means of a compatibility layer based on a shared provenance model. (2) To allow developers to build and share tools that operate on such a provenance model. (3) To define provenance in a precise, technologyagnostic manner. (4) To support a digital representation of provenance for any "thing", whether produced by computer systems or not. (5) To allow multiple levels of description to coexist. (6) To define a core set of rules that identify the valid inferences that can be made on provenance representation. This document contains the specification of the Open Provenance Model (v1.1) resulting from a community-effort to achieve inter-operability in the Third Provenance Challenge.

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The gas phase infrared spectra of the hydrated hydronium cluster ions H3O+⋅(H2O)n(n=1, 2, 3) have been observed from 3550 to 3800 cm−1. The new spectroscopic method developed for this study is a two color laser scheme consisting of a tunable cw infrared laser with 0.5 cm−1 resolution used to excite the O–H stretching vibrations and a cw CO2 laser that dissociates the vibrationally excited cluster ion through a multiphoton process. The apparatus is a tandem mass spectrometer with a radio frequency ion trap that utilizes the following scheme: the cluster ion to be studied is first mass selected; spectroscopic interrogation then occurs in the radio frequency ion trap; finally, a fragment ion is selected and detected using ion counting techniques. The vibrational spectra obtained in this manner are compared with that taken previously using a weakly bound H2 ‘‘messenger.’’ A spectrum of H7 O+3 taken using a neon messenger is also presented. Ab initio structure and frequency predictions by Remington and Schaefer are compared with the experimental results.

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SUMMARYThe first Provenance Challenge was set up in order to provide a forum for the community to understand the capabilities of different provenance systems and the expressiveness of their provenance representations. To this end, a functional magnetic resonance imaging workflow was defined, which participants had to either simulate or run in order to produce some provenance representation, from which a set of identified queries had to be implemented and executed. Sixteen teams responded to the challenge, and submitted their inputs. In this paper, we present the challenge workflow and queries, and summarize the participants' contributions.