Finnish sauna is one of the most popular among all the saunas types and as a result is

Krzak J, Ślężyńska M, Ślężyński J. Goalball as an effective means of physical improvement for blind and visually impaired players. AbstractThe study was performed between 2002-2006 among players aged 16-18 practicing goalball in order to investigate the beneficial effects of the game on physical fitness, spatial orientation and sound localization in people with visual impairment. Substantial progress in physical fitness of all motor skills in goalball players was confirmed. Tests for visual orientation and sound localization also demonstrated significant improvement in the time needed to perform the given trial. Goalball is worthy of becoming widespread as it produces evident personal and social benefits. The great attraction of sport games practiced by disabled persons became the impulse for searching for a physical game available for blind and visually impaired people. The bells embedded in the rubber ball made this possible and created a new concept of the game and has made it popular worldwide.

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Introduction: The complex system controlling human posture includes a gaze stabilisation system, which comprises the control of direction and visual acuity during head and body movements, and a posture stabilisation system, keeping the body in balance at rest and in movement. Aim of the research: To analyse the postural reaction of SOX and SOY using the Romberg test with eyes open (EO) and closed (CE) in girls and boys aged 12-15 years. Material and methods: The study included 503 students of Primary School No. 13 and School No. 4 in Starachowice. Postural reactions were tested on a Cosmogamma platform by Emildue R50300. Postural reactions were analysed, and mean sway X (MSX) and mean sway Y (MSY) were calculated. Results: Analysis of variance showed significant differences of MSX only between girls and boys (p < 0.036). MSX was significantly lower in girls in both tests with EO and CE. Although there was no apparent significant difference of MSX between the Romberg test with EO and CE, a slight progression was observed in the test with CE. Analysis of variance of MSY with a single classification showed a significant effect of study options (p < 0.048), a significant interaction of gender and options of the study (p < 0.048), and a significant interaction of age and options of the study (p < 0.026). Analysis of variance of MSY showed a significant progression of MSY in the test with CE. Conclusions: Our research showed that balance with CE does not worsen, so it can be assumed that children have limited skills of using vision to maintain balance because there is a lack of appropriate coordination between vision and motor abilities, which in children are in development. Streszczenie Wprowadzenie: W złożonym systemie kontrolującym postawę wyodrębnia się układ stabilizujący spojrzenie, na który składa się kontrola kierunku i ostrości widzenia podczas ruchów głowy i całego ciała, oraz układ stabilizujący postawę, utrzymujący ciało w równowadze w spoczynku i ruchu. Cel pracy: Analiza reakcji posturalnych SOX i SOY testem Romberga z oczami otwartymi (OE) i zamkniętymi (CE) dziewcząt i chłopców w wieku 12-15 lat. Materiał i metody: Badaniami zostało objętych 503 uczniów Szkoły Podstawowej nr 13 i Gimnazjum nr 4 w Starachowicach. Reakcje posturalne badano na platformie Cosmogamma by Emildue R50300. Analizowano reakcje posturalne, średnie odchylenie X (SOX) i średnie odchylenie Y (SOY). Wyniki: Analiza wariancji wykazała istotne zróżnicowanie SOX jedynie między dziewczętami a chłopcami (p < 0,036). SOX było istotnie mniejsze u dziewcząt zarówno w teście OE, jak i CE. Analiza wariancji SOY z klasyfikacją pojedynczą wykazała istotny efekt opcji badania (p < 0,048), istotną interakcję płci i opcji badania (p < 0,048) oraz istotną interakcję wieku i opcji badania (p < 0,026). Analiza wariancji SOY wykazała istotną progresję SOY w badaniu CE.

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