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Soiling impacts energy harvesting of CSP Plants as well as operation and maintenance cost. The identification of the proneness of a potential solar site to soiling would reduce risk and improve the performance and cost prediction. To allow for medium and long term monitoring of soiling rates, precise, replicable and fully automated measuring methods are needed, similar to today's solar resource assessment. Furthermore, the analysis of dust and its adhesion to solar reflectors are of interest. Tackling both requests, we developed a new instrument for automated online monitoring of soiling. The AVUS measurement set-up directly measures reflectance. Furthermore, the soiled samples are available for retrospective assessment of dust and its adhesion to solar reflectors. We present measurement results from a one-year monitoring campaign at a solar thermal power plant located in the south of Spain. Additionally we show a comparison of the AVUS sensor results and results from PV reference cells. We assess the advantage of soiling monitoring for financial risk reduction and for performance prediction. Detailed cost and performance models are applied to a case study of a parabolic trough plant.

This case study documents power system reliability improvement achieved at an industrial gas processing plant using digital multi-function relays. It will review the power system protection schemes in-service at the utility interconnect, plant generation units and distribution feeder breakers. Utility separation techniques and negative sequence directional overcurrent elements are used to improve energy source selection and distribution system selectivity.The study describes protection programming that provides additional safety features and additional layers of equipment control. Methods to monitor electrical system disturbances and protection quality are presented. Derived conclusions show that multi-function microprocessor systems are capable of providing enhanced protection, control and monitoring.

und 170 EWGV, die die Stellungnahme der Kommission als Prozeßvoraussetzung für die Staatenklage vorsehen. 90 Grabitz, aaO, Art. 189, Rdn. 84.