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Road traffic accidents cause one of the highest numbers of severe injuries. The numbers of deaths and seriously injured citizens prove that traffic accidents and their consequences are still a serious problem to be solved. Virtual human body models play an important role to assess injuries during impact loading especially for scenarios, where complex dynamical loading is taken into account. The most suffering group is so called vulnerable road users (VRU) like powered two-wheelers (PTW) riders. The presented work contributes to increasing safety of PTW riders by implementing virtual human body model for injury risk analysis. The scalable hybrid virtual human body model Virthuman, which was formerly developed, validated and demonstrated in impact scenarios, is improved by updated neck and shoulder models in order to describe the realistic kinematics during complex long duration impact loading and presented in the oblique impact scenario compared to the THUMS results.

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The rail industry has been significantly affected by the passive safety technology in the last few years. The tram front-end design must fulfill the new requirements for pedestrian passive safety performance in the near future. The requirements are connected with a newly prepared technical guide “Tramway front end design” prepared by Technical Agency for ropeways and Guided Transport Systems. This paper describes research connected with new tram front-end design safe for pedestrians. The brief description of collision scenario and used human-body model “Virthuman” is provided. The numerical simulations (from field of passive safety) are supported by experiments. The interesting part is the numerical model of the tram windshield experimentally validated here. The results of simulations are discussed at the end of paper.