Climate changes have profound effects on the distribution of numerous plant and animal species 1-3 . However, whether and how different taxonomic groups are able to track climate changes at large spatial scales is still unclear. Here, we measure and compare the climatic debt accumulated by bird and butterfly communities at a European scale over two decades (1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008). We quantified the yearly change in community composition in response to climate change for 9,490 bird and 2,130 butterfly communities distributed across Europe 4 . We show that changes in community composition are rapid but different between birds and butterflies and equivalent to a 37 and 114 km northward shift in bird and butterfly communities, respectively. We further found that, during the same period, the northward shift in temperature in Europe was even faster, so that the climatic debts of birds and butterflies correspond to a 212 and 135 km lag behind climate. Our results indicate both that birds and butterflies do not keep up with temperature increase and the accumulation of different climatic debts for these groups at national and continental scales.Species are not equally at risk when facing climate change. Several species-specific attributes have been identified as increasing species' vulnerability to climate change, including diets, migratory strategy, main habitat types and ecological specialization [5][6][7] . Moreover, although phenotypic plasticity may enable some species to respond rapidly and effectively to climate change 8,9 , others may suffer from the induced spatial mismatch and temporal mistiming with their resources 10,11 . For instance, species such as great tits and flycatchers have been shown to become desynchronized with their main food supply during the nesting season 12 .However, beyond individual species' fates, climate change should also affect species interactions and the structure of species assemblages within and across different taxonomic groups over large spatial scales [13][14][15] . For instance, ectotherms should be more directly affected by climate warming and taxonomic groups with short generation time should favour faster evolutionary responses to selective pressures induced by climate changes 13 . Yet, whether different taxonomic groups are tracking climate change at the same rate over large areas is still unclear, and methods to routinely assess the mismatch between temperature increases and biodiversity responses at different spatial scales are still missing 16 .Here, we used extensive monitoring data of birds and butterflies distributed across Europe to assess whether, regardless of their species-specific characteristics, organisms belonging to a given group are responding more quickly or more slowly than organisms belonging to another group over large areas. We characterized bird and butterfly communities in 9,490 and 2,130 sample sites respectively by their community temperature index (CTI) for ea...

Summary1. Landscape simplification and habitat fragmentation may cause severe declines of less mobile and habitat specialist species and lead to biotic homogenization of species communities, but largescale empirical evidence on biotic homogenization remains sparse. 2. We sampled butterfly and day-active geometrid moth communities within 134 differently fragmented landscapes in Finland situated in five geographical regions. Overall species richness was partitioned into alpha and beta diversity and butterflies were assigned a species-specific mobility rank and habitat specificity score based on published ecological trait classifications. 3. Alpha and beta diversity of butterflies and geometrid moths decreased with increasing agricultural intensity, independently of geographical position. The responses were either linear or nonlinear with accelerating decrease of diversity when arable field cover exceeded 60%. 4. Mobility rank and percentage generalists of butterfly communities increased linearly with increasing field cover. 5. In landscapes with high agricultural intensity (>60% field coverage), the decrease in beta diversity of butterflies was strongly associated with an increasing proportion of habitat generalists and increasing average mobility in the butterfly communities. However, there was no such relationship in landscapes with low or moderate agricultural intensity. 6. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that biotic homogenization caused by land-use change arises as a consequence of the loss of habitat specialists and poor dispersers in intensively cultivated landscapes with simplified landscape structure. Agri-environment schemes will therefore be inefficient in protecting high beta diversity unless they explicitly increase habitat availability and connectivity for habitat specialists and poor dispersers.

Jason W. 2013 Multi-generational longdistance migration of insects: studying the painted lady butterfly in the Western Palaearctic. Ecography, 36 (4). 474-486. 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07738.x Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. (up to 60 degrees of latitude). The cycle comprises an annual poleward advance of the 73 populations in spring followed by an equatorward return movement in autumn, with returning 74 individuals potentially flying thousands of kilometres. We show that many long-distance 75 migrants take advantage of favourable winds, moving downwind at high elevation (from 76 some tens of metres from the ground to altitudes over 1,000 m), pointing at strong similarities 77 in the flight strategies used by V. cardui and other migrant Lepidoptera. Our results reveal the 78 highly successful strategy that has evolved in these insects, and provide a useful framework 79 for a better understanding of long-distance seasonal migration in the temperate regions 80 worldwide. 81 82 5

we studied tbe occurrence of carabicl beetles (coteoptera, carabiclcte) in boreal foTest fragments, tbeir eclges' and acljacent clearcuts in central Finlancl. Beetles uere collectecl uitlt pitfall traps atong transects extendinS4 6o m from the edge into clearcuts ctnd 60 m intoforest interior. our mainfinding, *"r" that (l) species ricbness uas significantly bigber in tbe clearcut tban in tbe forest fragments, g21 clearcuts hrste4 ntany open-babitat species, tuhicb increasecl ouerall species richness in tltese sites, (3) carabid assemblages in tlre eclges utere more similar to forest assemblages tban to tbose founcl in tbe clearcuts, (4) no edge specialists u'ere fctund' and (5) open-babitat species did not penetrate into the forest fragments from tlre clearcut. Becctttse forest specialists occurred all tbe LUay to tbe edge on tbe forest ,ia", rt seetns tbai eclge effects per se clo not acluersely affect tbese species, at least in tbe slsort tenn. In the long term, bouteuer, babitat conditions in ty'te edges may deteriorate for interior species because of trees fauing iuer in strong uinds, tberebl,r reducing tbe .size of tbe fragments and uiclening the eclge zone.Distribuci6n de Escarabaios Caribiclos (coleoptera, Carabiclae) a lo t-argo de un Ecotono cle Bosque Boreal -Zona 'l'alada Resurnen: Estudiamos la presencia de escarabajos cardbidos (coleoptera, carabidae) en frczgmentos de un bosque boreal, de sus bordes y cle zonas taladas aclyacentes en Fiitanclia centrctl. Los escarabajos fueron colectatlos usando trampas cubiertas a lo largo de transectos que se ertendian tlesde 6o rn det borde bacia el drea cle tala y 60 m bacia el irtterior clel bosque. Nuestros resultatlos principalesfueron:(1) la riqueza de especies fue significatiuamente mayor en la zona talacla que en los fra[mentos cle bosque, (2) las zonas talaclcrs bospedaron mucbas especies de bdbitat abierto, lo cual increment6 la riqueza genercil cle especies en estos sitirts' (9 los ensarnblajes de cardbidos en los borcles fueron mds similares a kts ensamblajes del bosque, que aquellos en las zonas talaclas, (4) no se encontraron especialistas cle borcle, Jt (J) las especies cte bdbitat abierto no penetraron cle las zonas taladas bacia los fragmentos cle bosque. Debicto ct que los especialistas cle bosque aparecieron a toclo lo largo del borcle en el lado clel bosque, ap:arentemente tos efectos de borcle en si no a-fectan acluersamente a estas especies, al menos a corto plazo. sin embargo, a largo plazo las concliciones tJel blibitcrt en kx borcles podrian deteriorar para las especies tlel interior, debicto a la caida cle furboles ocasionaclet pctr uientos rtrcrrcs' lo cuctl reclnce el tamafio ele los fragmentos, amplianclo la zona de borde.

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