The aim of this paper was to determine the frequency of Canalis Sinuosus (CS) and its anatomic variations. A total of 236 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were studied. Characteristics of the canal such as its form, pathway and diameter were analyzed. The CS was clearly visualized in 100 % of the images with variations in the canal observed in up to 46 % of the cases. In 79 % of the cases the variation was found to be bilateral. The most common variation was an increase in the diameter (> 1mm) of the CS. Considering that the anterior region of the middle third of the face is a common place for clinical interventions, this study supports the need to perform a thorough evaluation of the maxillary region prior to clinical interventions in order to prevent complications such as direct or indirect injury to the anterior superior alveolar neurovascular bundle contained within the CS.

En uno de los cadáveres disecados durante el primer semestre de 2006 en el anfiteatro del Departamento de Morfología de la Universidad del Valle en Cali (Colombia), se encontró una variación anatómica poco descrita en la literatura científica mundial. Se trata de la desembocadura aberrante del conducto torácico. Normalmente, este conducto linfático asciende en el tórax y se desvía hacia el lado izquierdo del cuello para desembocar en el confluente venoso yúgulo-subclavio izquierdo. En este cadáver masculino de etnia mestiza, el conducto se desvió hacia el lado derecho del cuello y desembocaba en la vena yugular interna derecha. El trabajo describe el origen embrionario del conducto torácico y ofrece una posible explicación para la anomalía encontrada.Palabras clave: variación (genética), conducto torácico, anomalías cardiovasculares, anomalías linfáticas, anomalías múltiples. An anatomical variation: the aberrant termination of the thoracic ductIn a male cadaver dissected at the Department of Morphology, University del Valle, Cali (Colombia), a rarely described anatomical variation was found. It consisted of an aberrant termination or drainage of the thoracic lymph duct. Normally, this duct ascends in the thorax behind the esophagus, gradually diverges towards the left side of the neck and ends in the left jugulo-subclavian confluent--either in the internal jugular vein or in the subclavian vein. In the case of this cadaver, the thoracic duct diverged towards the right side of the neck to end in the right internal jugular vein. The present work describes the embryonic origin of the duct and offers a possible explanation for the anatomical variation encountered.Key words: Variation (Genetics), thoracic duct, cardiovascular abnormalities, lymphatic abnormalities; abnormalities, multiple.Existe actualmente un volumen muy significativo de publicaciones a nivel mundial en el campo de las variaciones anatómicas. ¿Qué importancia tienen éstas? Muchas pueden acompañarse de manifestaciones clínicas, como es el caso de la disfagia o dificultad para deglutir, que puede presentarse en caso de un doble arco o cayado aórtico que comprima al esófago (1,2). En las intervenciones quirúrgicas, el conocimiento de las posibles variaciones anatómicas que puede tener un determinado órgano evita que sea lesionado con consecuencias probablemente irreversibles para el paciente. Tal es el caso del daño que puede sufrir un nervio laríngeo inferior no recurrente en el curso de una tiroidectomía (2). Fueron estas consideraciones las que llevaron a las autoras a publicar su hallazgo. Con el fin de brindar una mayor claridad sobre la variación encontrada, se presenta, en primera instancia, la descripción de la anatomía y la embriología normales y, desde esta última, se ofrece una posible explicación para lo hallado. AnatomíaEl conducto torácico tiene un calibre normal de 2 a 4 mm, aproximadamente, y transporta entre

ZÚÑIGA, J. Quantification by quadrants of the distortion present in conventional panoramic radiograph. Int. J. Morphol., 35(1):265-272, 2017. SUMMARY:The panoramic radiograph constitutes the "gold standard" for any clinical evaluation in dentistry. It has been universally accepted that it has a global distortion of 25 % due to magnification. The present study was carried out to determine more precise percentages of distortion, and to find out whether the distortion was due to magnification or minimization. Thirty skulls with their mandibles were divided by two horizontal and four vertical planes in ten quadrants. Wires of different lengths were fixed in each of these quadrants. A panoramic radiograph was taken for each skull. The lengths of the wires measured in the images (distorted value) were compared to the actual lengths of the wires (real value). The concordance correlation coefficient was calculated. Due to high bone density, in the upper lateral quadrants (1 and 5) no measurements could be obtained. In the intermediate upper quadrants (2 and 4) and in the median lower quadrant (8), the horizontal measurements were minimized, while in the intermediate inferior quadrants (7 and 9) and in the lateral inferior quadrants (6 and 10), the horizontal measurements were magnified. In both the upper and the lower quadrants (2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) all the vertical measurements were magnified. The percentage of distortion in each quadrant for the horizontal and vertical measurements was reported. The percentage of distortion in a panoramic radiograph of the face varies from one region to another and can be due to either magnification or minimization.

SUMMARY:In one male cadaver of Colombian nationality, dissected by a group of medical students during a gross anatomy course at the Universidad del Valle in Cali, Colombia, three anatomical variations were found: an anomalous or aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA), a non-recurrent inferior laryngeal nerve and a right thoracic duct. The aortic arch gave origin to four instead of three arteries, which, from right to left, were the right common carotid, the left common carotid, the left subclavian and the right subclavian arteries. The anatomical variation of the right subclavian artery is known also as lusoria artery, in which case the artery passes behind the esophagus and the trachea in its course towards the right side of the neck. The perimeters of the aortic arch and of the lusoria artery were measured in different sites; those of the lusoria artery gradually reduced during the course of the artery towards the right side of the neck. The non-recurrent inferior laryngeal nerve originated at a right angle from the right vagus nerve, at the level of the thyroid gland. The nerve described a horizontal course in its way towards the larynx, passing behind the right lobe of the gland, in close relation with the branches of the inferior thyroid artery. Of the three possible variations in the course of the non-recurrent inferior laryngeal nerve, the one found corresponds to the horizontal course or type II. The course of the thoracic duct in the thorax was normal, situated behind the esophagus, between the azygos vein and the thoracic aorta, but it gradually deviated towards the right side of the neck to end in the internal jugular vein. Out of the extensive databases that were consulted, only one report was found of these three simultaneous variations.

Las tecnologías e-learning y tic en el aprendizaje a largo plazo de la anatomía humana en estudiantes del área de la salud: una revisión de la literatura.