Information use determines parasitoid adaptive behavior in general, and host specialization or fitness in specific. Information regarding host suitability could affect sex allocation behavior, host exploitation, or aggressiveness in dyadic contests. In this paper, we relate aggressiveness of the pupal parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) with sex allocation and host exploitation when presented with different host species. More specifically, we presented parasitoids with puparia of five different Dipteran species: Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophilidae), Musca domestica (Muscidae), Anastrepha obliqua, Anastrepha fraterculus, and Ceratitis capitata (Tephritidae). Puparia of above species greatly varied in size and volume, were parasitized to differing extent and had varying fitness implications for P. vindemmiae. Using a composite measure of selected fitness currencies (i.e., parasitism level, offspring size, longevity and sex ratio), we typified D. melanogaster and A. obliqua as 'low quality' hosts for P. vindemmiae while puparia of C. capitata and A. fraterculus were considered of 'high quality'. In contest dyads, female aggressiveness and host exploitation behavior differed between host species. Wasps exhibited highest frequencies of antennal striking and rival pursuit, and high degrees of puparium mounting, antennating and probing on C. capitata. Antennal striking frequency however was equally high on 'low quality' hosts such as D. melanogaster and A. obliqua. This work shows that a generalist parasitoid such as P. vindemmiae assesses host quality when confronted with hosts of differing species, size or nutritional suitability and employs such to define sex allocation, host exploitation, and contest behavior. However, contest and exploitation behavior only partially indicate host quality and broader parasitoid fitness implications. This work has further implications for parasitoid mass rearing and use of P. vindemmiae for biological control of Dipteran pests.
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INTRODUCCIÓNLa selección de plantas y mazorcas típicas de maíz para obtener la semilla para el próximo ciclo agrícola es la forma práctica y normal de los agricultores tradicionales en México, sin embargo, la selección masal que realizan permite solo conocer un progenitor lo que provoca en su mayoría rendimientos bajos. Entre las alternativas que se proponen para aumentar la producción y productividad del maíz, está el uso extensivo y generalizado de RESUMENCambios en la calidad de la semilla de maíz durante su desarrollo y maduración. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar los cambios en el desarrollo y maduración de la semilla en la germinación, vigor de plántula, peso volumétrico y peso de 1.000 semillas. El trabajo experimental se realizó en Celaya, Guanajuato, México durante el 2001. La variedad sintética Roque 1 fue sembrada en dos repeticiones, en dos surcos de cinco metros de longitud, espaciados a 0,75 m y dos semillas por golpe. Los muestreos se empezaron a realizar 30 días después de la floración. Se cosecharon ocho mazorcas por tratamiento, las cuales fueron desgranados en forma manual. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con arreglo factorial. Las medias de la característica de germinación y vigor presentaron un mismo patrón de comportamiento como índices de maduración de la semilla. El peso volumétrico se incrementó a 71 kg/ha a los 130 días y el peso de 1000 semillas no presentó un efecto significativo en la calidad fisiológica de la semilla. El máximo porcentaje de germinación y vigor se encontró cuando la humedad de la semilla se redujo de 40 a 20%. La respuesta de los muestreos de 106 a 121 días después de la siembra fue pobre para determinar la calidad de la semilla. También se encontró mayor vigor y germinación en la semilla ubicada en la parte basal y media de la mazorca. Estos resultados revelan que la madurez fisiológica no es el mejor indicador de la máxima calidad de la semilla sino la acumulación de materia seca. ABSTRACTChanges in seed quality during seed development and maturation in maize. The objective of present study was determine the changes in seed developing and maturation on germination, seedling vigor, volumetric weight and weight of 1000 seeds. The experimental study was carried out at Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico during 2001. The variety used in this study was sown at a rate of two seeds per hill in two replications of two rows of five meters long and spaced 0.75 meters. Sampling was started 30 days after female flower appearance then taking eight ears per treatment that were manually shelled. Average values for germination and seedling vigor showed the same behavior as indicatiors of seed ripening. Volumetric weight was increased to 71 kg/ha at 130 days after planting. No significant effect was found on seed physiological quality due to 1000 seeds weight. The greatest seed germination percentage and seedling vigor was found when seed humidity was reduced from 40 to 20 %. Samples taken 106 and 121 days after sowing were poor indicators of seed quality....
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